Table 3.
Predictors of mortality in pediatric patients hospitalized for ISN and SARS-CoV-2 (n = 64).
| Variable | Univariate Analysis OR (95% CI) for Death | Multivariate Analysis OR (95% CI) for Death | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Age (1 month to <1 year) | 0.42 (0.1–0.33) | 0.04 * | 0.1 (0.13–0.25) | 0.52 |
| Gender (Female) | 0.74 (0.36–0.52) | <0.001 * | 1.13 (0.31–0.79) | 0.045 * |
| Location (Asia) | 0.36 (0.26–0.45) | <0.001 * | 0.38 (0.28–0.48) | <0.001 * |
| ISN symptom (abdominal pain) | 0.14 (0.43–0.71) | 0.62 | 0.19 (0.13–0.3) | 0.41 |
| ISN symptom (blood in stool) | 0.14 (0.41–0.7) | 0.61 | 0.32 (0.11–0.31) | 0.34 |
| ISN symptom (constipation) | 0.5 (0.15–1.15) | 0.13 | 0.7 (0.22–0.45) | 0.36 |
| ISN symptom (crying) | 0.13 (0.44–0.69) | 0.66 | NA | NA |
| ISN symptom (diarrhea) | 0.17 (0.41–0.74) | 0.57 | NA | NA |
| ISN symptom (DIC) | 1 (0.35–1.65) | 0.003 * | 1.31 (0.47–0.97) | 0.42 |
| ISN symptom (drowsiness) | 0.5 (0.21–1.15) | 0.13 | 0.68 (0.2–0.41) | 0.33 |
| ISN symptom (lethargy) | 0.33 (0.24–0.91) | 0.25 | NA | NA |
| ISN symptom (multiple organ failure) | 1 (0.35–1.65) | 0.003 * | 1.31 (0.47–0.97) | 0.42 |
| ISN symptom (nausea) | 0.33 (0.28–0.95) | 0.29 | 0.41 (0.22–0.47) | 0.43 |
| ISN symptom (peritonitis) | 0.5 (0.15–1.15) | 0.13 | 0.7 (0.22–0.45) | 0.36 |
| ISN symptom (red currant jelly stools) | 0.04 (0.5–0.58) | 0.88 | 0.32 (0.51–0.87) | 0.32 |
| ISN symptom (vomiting) | 0.11 (0.43–0.66) | 0.68 | 0.39 (0.24–0.68) | 0.75 |
| Laboratory finding (decreased lymphocytes) | 0.25 (0.77–1.27) | 0.62 | 1.01 (0.74–0.75) | 0.22 |
| Laboratory finding (high bloods urea nitrogen) | 1 (0.12–2.12) | 0.08 | 0.86 (0.33–0.56) | 0.48 |
| Laboratory finding (high C reactive protein) | 0.31 (0.64–1.25) | 0.52 | 0.71 (0.2–0.68) | 0.47 |
| Laboratory finding (high D-dimer) | 0.22 (0.74–1.18) | 0.64 | 0.48 (0.24–0.71) | 0.55 |
| Laboratory finding (high ferritin) | 0.25 (0.77–1.27) | 0.62 | 0.38 (0.27–0.4) | 0.48 |
| Laboratory finding (high interleukin-6) | 0.67 (0.38–1.72) | 0.21 | 0.6 (0.38–0.74) | 0.64 |
| Laboratory finding (high lactate dehydrogenase) | 0.5 (0.52–1.52) | 0.33 | NA | NA |
| Laboratory finding (high prothrombin time) | 0.5 (0.62–1.62) | 0.37 | NA | NA |
| Laboratory finding (hypocalcemia) | 0.5 (0.62–1.62) | 0.37 | 0.21 (0.1–0.35) | 0.49 |
| Laboratory finding (leukopenia) | 0.5 (0.62–1.62) | 0.37 | NA | NA |
| Laboratory finding (proteinuria) | 0.5 (0.62–1.62) | 0.37 | NA | NA |
| Failure to ISN reduction (pneumatic or surgical) (yes) | 0.16 (0.06–0.27) | 0.002 * | 0.11 (0.05–0.21) | 0.036 * |
| Recurrent ISN (yes) | 0.17 (0.09–0.43) | 0.21 | 0.34 (0.19–0.29) | 0.51 |
| Intensive care unit admission (yes) | 0.53 (0.45–0.6) | <0.001 * | 0.71 (0.83–1.18) | 0.03 * |
| Mechanically ventilated (yes) | 0.84 (0.79–0.9) | <0.001 * | 0.68 (0.51–1.41) | 0.01 * |
| Suffered from ARDS (yes) | 0.75 (0.68–0.81) | <0.001 * | 0.88 (0.93–1.88) | 0.01 * |
| Treatment (antibiotics = yes) | 0.31 (0.02–0.59) | 0.03 * | 0.29 (0.01–0.03) | 0.06 |
| Treatment (antivirals = yes) | 1 (0.61–1.39) | <0.001 * | 0.78 (0.93–1.22) | 0.77 |
| Treatment (CRRT = yes) | 1 (0.55–1.45) | <0.001 * | 0.64 (0.31–0.45) | 0.63 |
| Treatment (dopamine = yes) | 0.5 (0.05–0.95) | 0.03 * | NA | NA |
| Treatment (inotropes = yes) | 0.5 (0.05–0.95) | 0.03 * | NA | NA |
| Treatment (interferon = yes) | 1 (0.55–1.45) | <0.001 * | 0.64 (0.31–0.45) | 0.63 |
| Treatment (IVIG = yes) | 0.75 (0.39–1.11) | <0.001 * | 0.78 (0.48–1.49) | 0.27 |
| Treatment (Ladd’s procedure = yes) | 0.5 (0.05–0.95) | 0.03 * | NA | NA |
| Treatment (oxygen supplementation = yes) | 0.33 (0.61–1.39) | 0.04 * | 0.19 (0.17–0.34) | 0.23 |
| Treatment (plasma exchange = yes) | 1 (0.55–1.45) | <0.001 * | 0.64 (0.31–0.45) | 0.63 |
| Treatment (pneumatic reduction of ISN = yes) | 0.03 (0.23–0.28) | 0.83 | 0.13 (0.16–0.45) | 0.61 |
| Treatment (surgical reduction of ISN = yes) | 0.09 (0.16–0.34) | 0.47 | NA | NA |
| Treatment (steroids = yes) | 0.5 (0.17–0.83) | <0.001 * | 0.21 (0.14–0.58) | 0.21 |
ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; CRRT, continuous renal replacement therapy; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; ISN, intussusception; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; NA, not applicable. * Represents significant differences.