Table 1.
The trauma patients grouped according to the number fit in the components of the death triad. The patients with one, two, and three items that fit in the components of the death triad were allocated into the group of death triad A, B, C, respectively.
| Variables | Grouping by Number of Components of Death Triad | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Death Triad A n = 554 |
Death Triad B n = 105 |
Death Triad C n = 25 |
Normal n = 2677 |
p | |
| Gender | <0.001 | ||||
| Male, n (%) | 385 (69.5) | 90 (85.7) | 20 (80.0) | 1698 (63.4) | |
| Female, n (%) | 169 (30.5) | 15 (14.3) | 5 (20.0) | 979 (36.6) | |
| Age, years (SD) | 53.8 ± 20.3 | 52.7 ± 18.8 | 47.2 ± 18.4 | 57.6 ± 19.9 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| CVA, n (%) | 14 (2.5) | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 156 (5.8) | 0.001 |
| HTN, n (%) | 159 (28.7) | 24 (22.9) | 5 (20.0) | 967 (36.1) | <0.001 |
| CAD, n (%) | 41 (7.4) | 4 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 173 (6.5) | 0.291 |
| CHF, n (%) | 8 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.0) | 21 (0.8) | 0.115 |
| DM, n (%) | 84 (15.2) | 10 (9.5) | 1 (4.0) | 543 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| ESRD, n (%) | 18 (3.2) | 1 (1.0) | 1 (4.0) | 108 (4.0) | 0.364 |
| GCS, median (IQR) | 9 (4–15) | 4 (3–8) | 3 (3–7) | 15 (8–15) | <0.001 |
| Head AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | 345 (62.3) | 70 (66.7) | 16 (64.0) | 1497 (55.9) | 0.008 |
| Thorax AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | 153 (27.6) | 43 (41.0) | 12 (48.0) | 519 (19.4) | <0.001 |
| Abdomen AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | 75 (13.5) | 22 (21.0) | 8 (32.0) | 154 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Extremities AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | 132 (23.8) | 28 (26.7) | 4 (16.0) | 652 (24.4) | 0.723 |
| External AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0.968 |
| Polytrauma, n (%) | 161 (29.1) | 51 (48.6) | 13 (52.0) | 418 (15.6) | <0.001 |
| ISS, median (IQR) | 22 (16–29) | 25 (21–34) | 25 (17–38) | 16 (9–24) | <0.001 |
| 1–15, n (%) | 131 (23.6) | 9 (8.6) | 5 (20.0) | 1066 (39.8) | <0.001 |
| 16–24, n (%) | 165 (29.8) | 28 (26.7) | 4 (16.0) | 956 (35.7) | 0.003 |
| ≥25, n (%) | 258 (46.6) | 68 (64.8) | 16 (64.0) | 655 (24.5) | <0.001 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 161 (29.1) | 60 (57.1) | 21 (84.0) | 283 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| Hospital LOS, days (SD) | 18.6 ± 16.9 | 17.7 ± 20.2 | 13.5 ± 18.8 | 16.7 ± 15.7 | 0.060 |
| Admitted into ICU, n (%) | 469 (84.7) | 99 (94.3) | 19 (76.0) | 1793 (67.0) | <0.001 |
CAD = coronary artery disease; CHF = congestive heart failure; CI = confidence interval; CVA = cerebral vascular accident; DM = diabetes mellitus; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; HTN = hypertension; ICU = intensive care unit; IQR = interquartile range; ISS = injury severity score; LOS = length of stay; OR= odds ratio; SD = standard deviation.