Table 4.
Comparison of molecular methods for detection of PEDV and/or PCV2.
| Viruses | Methods | Samples | Limit of Detection |
Analytical Specificity | % Diagnostic Sensitivity |
% Diagnostic Specificity |
% Accuracy | % Sensitivity References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PEDV, PCV2 |
Duplex-LAMP-LFD | Clinical specimens | 0.1 ng/μL 0.246 ng/µL |
No cross-reaction with FMDV, ADV, TGEV, PRRSV (EU strain and US strain), CSFV, SIV. | 100% | 100% | 100% | This study |
| PEDV, TGEV, PRV-A, PKV, PsaV, PDCoV | Multiplex RT-PCR | Feces | 100–101 ng cDNA of each virus | No cross-reaction with any other major viruses in swine. | N/A* | N/A* | N/A* | [30] |
| PEDV, PDCoV, PToV, SADS-CoV | Taq Man-probe-based multiplex real-time PCR | Feces | 1 × 102 copies/μL | No cross-reaction with TGEV, PoRV, PSV, PTV, CSFV, PKV. | N/A* | N/A* | N/A* | [35] |
| PEDV, TGEV | Dual ultrasensitive nanoparticle DNA probe-based PCR assay (dual UNDP-PCR) | Feces | 25 copies/g | No cross-reaction with PPV, PRV, CSFV, PCV2, PRRSV. | N/A* | N/A* | N/A* | [34] |
| PEDV | RT-LAMP combined with hydroxynaphthol blue metal indicator | Feces, small intestine | 50 RNA copies per reaction | No cross-reaction with TGEV, PDCoV, PRV, type 1 and 2 PRRSVs, CSFV, PCV2, PPV, SIV. | N/A* | N/A* | N/A* | [32] |
| PEDV, PDCoV, SADS-CoV |
Microfluidic-RT-LAMP chip | Feces, intestinal contents | 101 copies/μL, 102 copies/μL 102 copies/μL |
No cross-reaction with CSFV, PPV, JEV, PCV2, PRRSV, PRV, SIV, FMDV, SVV, RV, TGEV. | 92.24%, 92.19% 91.23% | 100% 100% 100% |
N/A* | [41] |
| PEDV | Droplet digital PCR | Small intestine, feces, serum | 0.26 copies/μL | No cross-reaction with PRV, PRRSV, PDCoV, CSFV, TGEV, PRCV, SADS-CoV, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis,
Streptococcus suis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile, Clostridium perfringens. |
98.6% | 100% | N/A* | [29] |
| PEDV, TGEV, CSFV, PRRSV |
Multiplex RT-PCR assay | Clinical specimens | 1 × 105 copies 1 × 103 copies 1 × 103 copies 1 × 103 copies |
No cross-reaction with PCV2, BVDV, RSV, H5N1. | N/A* | N/A* | N/A* | [40] |
| PEDV | One-step real-time RT-PCR |
Spiked Feces, Spiked jejunum matrices |
50 copies/5 μL 100 copies/5 μl |
No cross-reaction with PRCV, IBV, TCoV, PRRSV, CSFV, ASFV, SIV-H1N1, SIV-H1N2, SIV-H3N2, H3N2, PCV2. | 100% | 100% | N/A* | [28] |
| PEDV | DNA Barcode-Based Aptasensor | Saliva | 0.37 μg/mL | N/A | 83% | 100% | N/A* | [38] |
| PEDV, TGEV, PRV-A, PDCoV, SADS-CoV | Dual priming oligonucleotide system-based multiplex RT-PCR assay | Intestinal samples | 103–104 copies/μL plasmid of each virus | No cross-reaction with PRRSV, APPV, SVV, PCV3, PRCV, PTV, PPV. | 100% coincidence rate with that of the RT-PCR method in the evaluation of 181 swine intestinal samples. | [37] | ||
| PCV2 | LAMP Coupled CRISPR-Cas12a Module | Blood | 1 copy/μL | No cross-reaction with PCV1, PCV3, PEDV, CSFV, PRRSV. | 100% coincidence rate with that of the quantitative PCR (qPCR) method in the evaluation of 30 clinical blood samples. | [33] | ||
| PCV2 | LAMP-LFD | DNA | 10 fg | CSFV, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, PRRSV type 1, PRRSV type 2, PCV3, SIV-H1N1, SIV-H1N2, and SIV-H3N2. | N/A* | N/A* | N/A* | [31] |
| PCV2a, PCV2b | LAMP | Clinical samples | 103 copies/reaction | No cross-reaction with PCV1, PPV, PRV, PRRSV. | 97.7% | 100% | 98.2% | [36] |
| PCV2 | LAMP-SYBR Green I Dye | Clinical samples | 1 copy | No cross-reaction with PCV, PRV and PPV. | 100% | 86.96% | 89.66% | [42] |
| PCV2, PRRSV, PRV, PPV, FMDV | Centrifugal microfluidic disk (CMFD) using LAMP | Clinical samples | 3.2 × 102 copies per reaction | No cross-reaction with TGEV, PEDV, PoRV. | 94.0% coincidence rate with PCR in the evaluation of 232 clinical samples. | [39] | ||
Note: porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine rotavirus A (PRV-A), porcine kobuvirus (PKV), porcine sapovirus (PSaV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), porcine torovirus (PToV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), porcine sapelovirus (PSV), porcine teschenvirus (PTV), porcine rotavirus (PoRV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), swine influenza virus (SIV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV), rotavirus (RV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), chicken influenza A virus H5N1, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), turkey coronavirus (TCoV), African swine fever virus (ASFV), atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), Seneca Valley virus (SVV), porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), porcine teschovirus (PTV). * N/A represents not applicable.