. 2022 Nov 16;11(22):3663. doi: 10.3390/foods11223663

Table 4.

Results of specific volume, solubility, hydration and water retention properties and emulsifying properties of white cabbage (WC) and broccoli (B) powders. Spec V: specific volume (mL); % solubility expressed as a percentage; HG: hygroscopicity (%) (g_water/100 g_sample); Wt: wetting time (min); SC: swelling capacity (mL/g); WHC: water holding capacity (g/g); WRC: water retention capacity (g/g); OHC: oil holding capacity (g/g). G: ground; C: chopped; HAD: hot-air drying at 50, 60 and 70 °C; FD: freeze drying. Mean ± standard deviation of three replicates.

Sample	Spec. V (mL)	Solubility (%)	HG (%)	Wt (min)	SC (mL/g)	WHC (g/g)	WRC (g/g)	OHC (g/g)
WC_G_HAD50	1.80 ± 0.04 ^c	52 ± 6 ^a	63.0 ± 0.7 ^a	8.7 ± 0.9 ^a	11.17 ± 0.15 ^bc	18 ± 3 ^ab	9.0 ± 0.3 ^a	3.87 ± 0.11 ^b
WC_C_HAD50	1.807 ± 0.012 ^c	56 ± 4 ^a	61.8 ± 0.7 ^a	9 ± 2 ^a	11.37 ± 0.06 ^c	20 ± 7 ^ab	15 ± 2 ^c	3.1 ± 0.5 ^a
WC_G_HAD60	1.51 ± 0.02 ^a	54 ± 3 ^a	64.8 ± 0.6 ^ab	14 ± 6 ^ab	11.10 ± 0.10 ^b	15 ± 6 ^a	10.1 ± 0.7 ^ab	4.2 ± 0.3 ^b
WC_C_HAD60	1.53 ± 0.02 ^a	55 ± 6 ^a	66.1 ± 1.2 ^ab	18 ± 4 ^bc	10.8 ± 0.3 ^a	20 ± 4 ^ab	9.9 ± 0.9 ^ab	3.0 ± 0.4 ^a
WC_G_HAD70	1.993 ± 0.012 ^d	55 ± 4 ^a	68 ± 12 ^ab	6 ± 2 ^a	11.10 ± 0.11 ^b	28 ± 5 ^b	10 ± 2 ^ab	4.38 ± 0.10 ^bc
WC_C_HAD70	1.67 ± 0.03 ^b	55 ± 3 ^a	67.1 ± 1.3 ^ab	29 ± 4 ^c	11.40 ± 0.10 ^c	21 ± 6 ^ab	11.0 ± 1.5 ^ab	2.9 ± 0.2 ^a
WC_G_FD	2.96 ± 0.03 ^e	58 ± 4 ^a	74 ± 11 ^b	15 ± 6 ^ab	10.8 ± 0.2 ^a	21 ± 7 ^b	13 ± 3 ^bc	4.8 ± 0.5 ^c
B_G_HAD50	1.65 ± 0.04 ^c	54 ± 4 ^a	67.9 ± 0.7 ^ab	2.5 ± 1.5 ^a	10.70 ± 0.11 ^c	33 ± 4 ^bc	13.2 ± 1.6 ^b	4.85 ± 0.14 ^c
B_C_HAD50	1.32 ± 0.02 ^a	45 ± 3 ^a	70.8 ± 0.6 ^ab	4 ± 2 ^ab	11.47 ± 0.06 ^f	35 ± 10 ^c	12.5 ± 1.3 ^b	4.0 ± 0.5 ^b
B_G_HAD60	1.44 ± 0.04 ^b	53 ± 11 ^a	65.6 ± 0.5 ^a	4.4 ± 1.2 ^ab	10.93 ± 0.06 ^de	24 ± 2 ^bc	11.50 ± 0.14 ^b	4.2 ± 0.3 ^b
B_C_HAD60	1.307 ± 0.012 ^a	56 ± 6 ^a	65.2 ± 0.6 ^a	7.79 ± 1.16 ^bc	10.91 ± 0.12 ^d	25 ± 4 ^bc	13 ± 2 ^b	3.9 ± 0.3 ^b
B_G_HAD70	1.69 ± 0.06 ^c	55 ± 4 ^a	66 ± 3 ^a	8.9 ± 0.6 ^c	9.47 ± 0.06 ^b	20 ± 4 ^ab	7.7 ± 0.3 ^a	3.3 ± 0.3 ^a
B_C_HAD70	1.27 ± 0.03 ^a	52 ± 7 ^a	77 ± 14 ^bc	10 ± 5 ^c	5.00 ± 0.10 ^a	12 ± 3 ^a	6.7 ± 0.5 ^a	2.81 ± 0.15 ^a
B_G_FD	3.98 ± 0.02 ^d	54 ± 6 ^a	84.3 ± 0.7 ^c	1.9 ± 0.9 ^a	11.03 ± 0.06 ^e	32 ± 4 ^bc	12.7 ± 0.7 ^b	6.5 ± 0.3 ^d

^a,b,c… Different superscript letters in the same column for the same residue indicate statistically significant differences at the 95% confidence level (p-value < 0.05).