. 2022 Nov 13;19(22):14928. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192214928

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Author	Year	Country (Region)	Groups	n Included	n Completed	Studied Population	Obesity/Overweight Definition	Age [Years]	Sex [% of Women]
Jamka et al. [38]	2021	Poland (Europe)	ET CT	52 49	44 41	Abdominally obese women	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² WC > 80 cm %FM ≥ 32%	55 ± 7 ¹ 55 ± 7 ¹	100
Banitalebi et al. [39] Banitalebi et al. [40,75]	2021 2019	Iran (Asia)	ET	17	14	Overweight or obese women with T2DM	BMI: 25–48 kg/m²	55.36 ± 5.94 ¹	100
			CT	17	14			54.14 ± 5.43 ¹
			CG	18	14			55.71 ± 6.40 ¹
Amanat et al. ^a [41]	2020	Iran (Asia)	ET	15	14	Overweight or obese women with metabolic syndrome	WC > 88 cm	54.5 ± 6.9 ¹	100
			ST	15	14
			CT	15	15
			CG	15	14
Dianatinasab et al. ^a [42]	2020	Iran (Asia)	ET	15	13	Overweight or obese women with metabolic syndrome	WC > 88 cm	53.47 ± 6.53 ¹	100
			ST	15	13
			CT	15	13
			CG	15	15
Dupuit et al. [37]	2020	France (Europe)	ET ²	10	8	Overweight or obese postmenopausal women	BMI > 25 and ≤40 kg/m²	67.1 ± 7.2 ¹	100
			ET ³	10	10			59.9 ± 5.9 ¹
			CT	10	9			61.1 ± 5.4 ¹
Kim et al. [43]	2020	South Korea (Asia)	ET	19	13	Previously inactive men with obesity	BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²	50.15 ± 5.84 ¹	0
Kim et al. [43]	2020	South Korea (Asia)	ST	19	14	Previously inactive men with obesity	BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²	51.79 ± 8.22 ¹	0
Christensen et al. [44]	2019	Denmark (Europe)	ET	16	14	Inactive subjects with abdominal obesity	WHR ≥ 0.5 and/or	39 ± 14 ¹	79
			ST	16	13		WC ≥ 88 cm for women or	38 ± 14 ¹	62
			CG	18	12		WC ≥ 102 cm for men	47 ± 12 ¹	83
Keihanian et al. [45]	2019	Iran (Asia)	ET	39	11	Obese men with T2DM	BMI > 30 kg/m²	52.4 ± 1.5 ¹	0
			ST		12			52.4 ± 1.8 ¹
			CG		11			53.0 ± 1.1 ¹
Mohammad Rahimi et al. [46]	2019	Iran (Asia)	ET	10	10	Sedentary obese men with metabolic syndrome	BMI: 30–40 kg/m²	44.8 ± 4.8 ¹	0
			ST	11	10			46.1 ± 5.1 ¹
			CT	12	10			44.9 ± 4.2 ¹
			CG	11	10			46.4 ± 5.1 ¹
Ratajczak et al. [47]	2019	Poland (Europe)	ET	22	22	Women with simple obesity	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² and WC > 80 cm and %FM ≥ 33%	51 ± 8 ¹	100
Ratajczak et al. [47]	2019	Poland (Europe)	CT	22	17	Women with simple obesity	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² and WC > 80 cm and %FM ≥ 33%	49 ± 10 ¹	100
Martins et al. [48]	2018	Brazil (South America)	ET	14	8	Overweight women with high risk for T2DM, not exercising for at least 6 months	BMI > 24.9 kg/m² and %FM > 40%	64.3 ± 6.7 ¹	100
Martins et al. [48]	2018	Brazil (South America)	CT	14	8		BMI > 24.9 kg/m² and %FM > 40%	65.0 ± 6.3 ¹	100
Roberson et al. [49]	2018	USA (North America)	ET	10	8	Older subjects with multiple cardiometabolic syndromes or cardiovascular disease risk factors	WC ≥ 88 cm for women or WC ≥ 102 cm for men	68 ± 3 ⁴	73 (included) 79 (completed)
			ST	10	9			72 ± 3 ⁴
			CG	10	7			70 ± 3 ⁴
Alvarez et al. [50]	2017	Chile (South America)	ET	20	18	Sedentary overweight or obese insulin-resistant women	BMI: 25–35 kg/m²	38.0 ± 8.0 ^1,5	100
Alvarez et al. [50]	2017	Chile (South America)	ST	20	17	Sedentary overweight or obese insulin-resistant women	BMI: 25–35 kg/m²	33.0 ± 7.0 ^1,5	100
AminiLari et al. [51]	2017	Iran (Asia)	ET	15	12	Overweight middle-aged women with T2DM	NI	45–60 ^6,7	100
			ST	15	12
			CT	15	13
			CG	15	15
Arslan et al. [52]	2017	Turkey (Asia)	ET	78	21	Middle-aged overweight premenopausal sedentary women	BMI > 25 kg/m²	39.0 ± 3.1 ¹	100
			CT		20			38.7 ± 2.7 ¹
			CG		23			38.9 ± 3.1 ¹
Oh et al. [53]	2017	Japan (Asia)	ET ³	21	20	Obese sedentary men with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and no exercise habits	%FM > 25% for men	48.6 ± 1.8 ⁴	0
			ET ²	19	13			48.2 ± 2.3 ⁴
			ST	20	19			51.2 ± 1.9 ⁴
Said et al. [54]	2017	Tunisia (Africa)	ET	16	NI	Healthy overweight and obese women	BMI: 25–35 kg/m²	30.58 ± 3.8 ¹	100
Said et al. [54]	2017	Tunisia (Africa)	CT	16	NI	Healthy overweight and obese women	BMI: 25–35 kg/m²	29.66 ± 4.2 ¹	100
Soori et al. [55]	2017	Iran (Asia)	ET	8	NI	Postmenopausal sedentary obese women	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²	45–60 ^6,7	100
			ST	8
			CT	8
			CG	8
Wang [56]	2017	China (Asia)	ET	12	NI	Obese undergraduates	BMI ≥ 28 kg/m²	NI	NI
			CT	12
			CG	12
Chen et al. [57]	2016	Malaysia (Asia)	ET	20	18	Overweight and obese subjects	BMI: 25–40 kg/m²	36.8 ± 8.1 ¹	65
			ST	20	18			34.8 ± 10.6 ¹
			CG	20	18			32.4 ± 9.9 ¹
Rossi et al. [21]	2016	Brazil (South America)	ET	35	15	Obese postmenopausal Women	BMI > 25 kg/m²	60.5 6 ± 7.3 ¹	100
			CT	35	32			60.3 ± 6.1 ¹
			CG	34	18			62.6 ± 5.9 ¹
Tayebi et al. [58]	2016	Iran (Asia)	ET	12	11	Non-athlete men with obesity	%FM > 25%	21.48 ± 1.46 ^1,6	0
			ST	12	9
			CT	12	12
AbouAssi et al. ^b [20]	2015	USA (North America)	ET	196	27	Sedentary overweight or obese subjects with mild to moderate dyslipidaemia	BMI: 26–35 kg/m²	51.4 ± 10 ¹	52
			ST		38			51.1 ± 11 ¹	47
			CT		23			46.9 ± 11 ¹	57
Mahdirejei et al. [14]	2015	Iran (Asia)	ET	9	NI	Obese men with no exercise training history	NI	21/4 ± 15/41 ^1,6	0
			ST	9
			CG	8
Huffman et al. ^b [59]	2014	USA (North America)	ET ⁸	15	15	Inactive overweight to mildly obese and dyslipidaemic subjects	BMI: 25–35 kg/m²	18–70 ^6,7	50
			ET ⁹	20	20
			ET ¹⁰	17	17
			ST	20	20
			CT	20	20
			CG	20	20
Nikseresht et al. [16]	2014	Iran (Asia)	ET	12	NI	Sedentary overweight or obese men with no regular exercise and with no history of any medical condition	BMI >25 kg/m²	39.6 ± 3.7 ¹	0
			ST	12				40.4 ± 5.2 ¹
			CG	10				38.9 ± 4.1 ¹
Sousa et al. [60]	2014	Portugal (Europe)	ET	19	15	Overweight older men	BMI ≥ 25 and <35 kg/m²	69.1 ± 5.0 ^1,6 65–75 ^6,7	0
			CT	20	16
			CG	20	17
Changela et al. [61]	2013	India (Asia)	ET	10	NI	Young obese sedentary women	BMI > 30 kg/m²	22.22 ± 1.98 ¹	100
Changela et al. [61]	2013	India (Asia)	ST	10	NI	Young obese sedentary women	BMI > 30 kg/m²	22.67 ± 1.50 ¹	100
Donges et al. [62]	2013	Australia (Australia)	ET	13	13	Sedentary overweight middle-aged men	NI	45.4 ± 1.7 ⁴	0
			ST	13	13			51.7 ± 2.1 ⁴
			CT	13	13			46.2 ± 1.4 ⁴
			CG	8	8			49.5 ± 2.6 ⁴
Kadoglou et al. [63]	2013	Greece (Europe)	ET	25	21	Overweight or obese subjects with T2DM	BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²	58.3 ± 5.4 ¹	71
			ST	25	23			56.1 ± 5.3 ¹	70
			CT	25	22			57.9 ± 6.5 ¹	77
			CG	25	24			57.9 ± 7.2 ¹	71
Paoli et al. [64]	2013	Italy (Europe)	ET	21	20	Healthy untrained overweight middle-aged men	BMI > 25 kg/m²	61 ± 3.3 ^1,6	0
			CT ¹¹	20	19
			CT ¹²	19	19
Venojärvi et al. [65]	2013	Finland (Europe)	ET	48	39	Overweight and obese middle-aged men with impaired glucose tolerance	BMI: 25.1–34.9 kg/m²	55 ± 6.2 ¹	0
			ST	49	36			54 ± 6.1 ¹
			CG	47	40			54 ± 7.2 ¹
Ho et al. [66]	2012	Australia (Australia)	ET	25	15	Overweight or obese men and women, sedentary or relatively inactive, participating in less than 1 h of moderate-intensity physical activity per week over the last 3 months	BMI >25 kg/m² or WC > 80 cm for women and WC > 90 cm for men	55 ± 1.2 ¹³	80
			ST	26	16			52 ± 1.1 ¹³	81
			CT	25	17			53 ± 1.3 ¹³	82
			CG	21	16			52 ± 1.8 ¹³	94
Stensvold et al. ^c [67]	2012	Norway (Europe)	ET	11	11	Inactive subjects with metabolic syndrome	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² or WC ≥ 80 cm for women or WC ≥ 94 cm for men	49.9 ± 10.1 ¹	23
			ST	11	10			50.9 ± 7.6 ¹
			CG	11	10			47.3 ± 10.2 ¹
Sukala et al. [68]	2012	New Zealand (Australia)	ET	13	9	Subjects with T2DM and visceral obesity	WC ≥ 88 cm for women or WC ≥ 102 cm for men	51 ± 4 ¹ 48 ± 6 ¹	72
Sukala et al. [68]	2012	New Zealand (Australia)	ST	13	9	Subjects with T2DM and visceral obesity	WC ≥ 88 cm for women or WC ≥ 102 cm for men	51 ± 4 ¹ 48 ± 6 ¹	72
Bateman et al. ^b [13]	2011	USA (North America)	ET	73	30	Sedentary overweight dyslipidaemic subjects	BMI: 25–35 kg/m²	51.1 ± 9.49 ¹	47
			ST	66	31			51.8 ± 11.0 ¹	48
			CT	57	25			45.8 ± 11.8 ¹	48
Jorge et al. [69]	2011	Brazil (South America)	ET	12	NI ¹⁴	Overweight or obese subjects with T2DM	BMI: 25–40 kg/m²	52.09 ± 8.71 ¹	58
			ST	12				54.1 ± 8.94 ¹	58
			CT	12				57.90 ± 8.06 ¹	67
			CG	12				53.42 ± 9.82 ¹	67
Slentz et al. ^b [15]	2011	USA (North America)	ET	196	48	Sedentary overweight dyslipidaemic subjects	BMI: 26–35 kg/m²	49.5 ± 9.8 ¹	54
			ST		52			49.7 ± 11.4 ¹	58
			CT		44			46.9 ± 10.0 ¹	57
Gram et al. [70]	2010	Denmark (Europe)	ET	22	21	Overweight or obese subjects with T2DM	BMI > 25 kg/m²	62 ± 10 ¹	54
			CT	24	24			59 ± 10 ¹	42
			CG	22	22 ¹⁵/20 ¹⁶			61 ± 10 ¹	41
Stensvold et al. ^c [22]	2010	Norway (Europe)	ET	11	NI	Subjects with metabolic syndrome	BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² or WC ≥ 80 cm for women or WC ≥ 94 cm for men	49.9 ± 10.1 ¹	40
			ST	11				50.9 ± 7.6 ¹
			CT	10				52.9 ± 10.4 ¹
			CG	11				47.3 ± 10.2 ¹
Ahmadizad et al. [71]	2007	Iran (Asia)	ET	8	NI	Sedentary obese healthy men	NI	41.3 ± 5.1 ¹	0
			ST	8				40.9 ± 3.2 ¹
			CG	8				38.6 ± 3.2 ¹
Hara et al. [72]	2005	Japan (Asia)	ET	7	7	Young obese men	BMI > 25 kg/m²	19.7 ± 1.3 ¹	0
			CT	7	7			18.4 ± 0.5 ¹
			CG	7	7			19.4 ± 1.0 ¹
Banz et al. [73]	2003	USA (North America)	ET	14	11	Men with android obesity and at least one risk factor for coronary artery disease	BMI > 27 kg/m² and WHR > 0.95	47 ± 7 ¹	0
Banz et al. [73]	2003	USA (North America)	ST	12	8		BMI > 27 kg/m² and WHR > 0.95	48 ± 6 ¹	0
Cuff et al. [74]	2003	Canada (North America)	ET	9	9	Postmenopausal women with T2DM, central obesity and an inactive lifestyle	WC > 90 cm	59.4 ± 1.9 ⁴	100
			CT	10	10			63.4 ± 2.2 ⁴
			CG	9	9			60.0 ± 2.9 ⁴

BMI—body mass index; CG—control group; CT—combined training; ET—endurance training; NI—no information; ST—strength training; T2DM—type 2 diabetes mellitus; WC—waist circumference; WHR—waist to hip ratio; %FM—the percentage of fat mass. ¹ Mean ± standard deviation; ² Moderate-intensity continuous training; ³ High-intensity interval training; ⁴ Mean ± standard error; ⁵ 34 ± 6 according to Table 2; ⁶ Data for the total population; ⁷ Range; ⁸ Low-amount moderate-intensity training group; ⁹ Low-amount vigorous-intensity training group; ¹⁰ High-amount vigorous-intensity training group; ¹¹ High-intensity circuit training; ¹² Low-intensity circuit training; ¹³ Mean ± standard error of means; ¹⁴ Five subjects dropped out (no information from which groups); ¹⁵ Data after 16 weeks; ¹⁶ Data after 52 weeks; ^a–c Studies marked with the same letters were conducted in the same population.