. 2022 Nov 13;19(22):14928. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192214928

Table 2.

Characteristics of training programmes.

Author	Year	Groups	Characteristic of Groups/Training (Including Volume)	Intensity of Training [%]	Duration of Training [min]	Frequency of Training [Days per Week]	Time of Intervention [Weeks]	Supervision
Jamka et al. [38]	2021	ET	Cycling on ergometer	50–70% of HR max	60	3	12	Yes
Jamka et al. [38]	2021	CT	ET: Cycling on ergometer ST: Exercises with a barbell (16 repetitions per set) and a gymnastic ball (30 repetitions per set); between the series 10–15 s pauses were taken	ET: 50–70% of HR max ST: 50–60% of 1 RM	60	3	12	Yes
Banitalebi et al. [39] Banitalebi et al. [40,75]	2021 2019	ET	Sprint interval training on cycle ergometers at a pedalling rate of 20 rpm	60–70% of HR max ¹	20–50 ¹	3	10	Yes
		CT	ET: Treadmill or cycle ergometer ST: 1–3 set of 5 exercises of 10–15 repetitions with 10–15 RM ¹ and 2–3 min rest between sets ¹; training on weight stack machines: bilateral leg press, lateral pulldown, bench press, bilateral biceps curl, and bilateral triceps pushdown	ET: 60–70% of HR max ¹ ST:NI	20–50 ¹	3
		CG	Continued their usual medical care and received diabetes recommendations for self-management	N/A	N/A	N/A
Amanat et al. ^a [41] Dianatinasab et al. ^a [42]	2020	ET	Running on the treadmill	60–75% of HR max ¹	30–60 ¹	3	12 (Amanat et al. [41]) 8 (Dianatinasab et al. [42])	Yes
		ST	2 sets of 10 different exercises of 8–10 repetitions for each exercise and 5–10 min of rest between each set: bench press, seated row, shoulder press, chest press, lateral pulldown, abdominal crunches, leg press, leg extension, triceps pushdown, and seated bicep curls, for upper and lower parts of the body	60–80% of 1 RM ¹	60	2–3 ¹
		CT	Walking on a treadmill, followed by 5 min rest and 1 set of strength training (different exercises similar to the ST group)	ET: 60–75% of HR max ¹ ST: 60–80% of 1 RM ¹	60 (including ET: 20)	2–3 ¹
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Dupuit et al. [37]	2020	ET ²	Cycling program, energy expenditure: 180 ± 22 ⁴	55–60% of peak power output ¹	40	3	12	Yes
		ET ³	Cycling programme (repeated cycles of sprinting/speeding for 8 s followed by slow pedalling (20–30 rpm) for 12 s), energy expenditure: 180 ± 22 ⁴	80–90% of HR peak	20
		CT	ET: Cycling programme (repeated cycles of sprinting/speeding for 8 s followed by slow pedalling (20–30 rpm) for 12 s) ST: 2 different whole-body training programme each consisting of 1 set of 10 exercises of 8–12 repetitions with 1–1.5 min rest period between exercises: 1. Included leg press, bench press, knee extension, cable row, dumbbell calf raise, elbow flexion, abdominal muscle, triceps exercises with upper pulley, plank, and bum exercises 2. Included knees extension, pullover, leg press, side raise with dumbbells, dumbbell calf raise, triceps exercises with upper pulley, hip thrust, chin rowing, and plank to upright row	ET: 80–90% of HR peak ST: 80% of 1 RM	40 (ET: 20 + ST: 20)
Kim et al. [43]	2020	ET	Jogging and running outdoors or indoor exercise using stationary cycling	65–85% of HR max	30–60 ¹	3	12	Yes
Kim et al. [43]	2020	ST	3 sets of 7 exercises of 10–15 repetitions with 1–2 min of rest between each set: crunch, high lat pulldown, seated row, chest press, leg press, leg extension and leg curl	~50% of 1 RM	60	3	12	Yes
Christensen et al. [44]	2019	ET	High-intensive interval exercise on an ergometer bicycle	NI	45	3	12	Yes
		ST	3–5 sets of 10 exercises	60–80% of 1 RM ¹	45	3
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Keihanian et al. [45]	2019	ET	Running	65–75% of HR max (abstract) 75–85% of HR max (method)	30–45	3	10 ⁵	Yes
		ST	3 sets of 10 RM of 7 exercises with 1.5 min rest between sets and 2 min rest between exercises: leg press, bench press, knee extension, seated cable row, knee flexion, military press, and calf rise	NI	60	3
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Mohammad Rahimi et al. [46]	2019	ET	4 × 4 min intervals of walking/running on a treadmill, with 3 min exercise between each interval	90% of HR peak (intervals) 70% of HR peak (between intervals)	43	3	12	Yes
		ST	2–3 sets of 7 weight machines exercises of 8–20 repetitions: lateral pulldown, chest press, seated row, triceps pushdown, knee flexion, knee extension, and leg press	40–80% of 1 RM ¹	45
		CT	Exercises were similar to the practices of the other two groups	ET: 90% of HR peak (intervals) 70% of HR peak (between intervals) ST: 40–80% of 1 RM ¹	ET: 43 (performed in the week of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 twice a week and ST once a week), ST: 45 (performed in the weeks of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 twice a week and ET once a week)
		CG	The group was advised not to change their physical activity levels throughout the intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ratajczak et al. [47]	2019	ET	Training on cycle ergometers	60–80% of HR max	60	3	13	Yes
Ratajczak et al. [47]	2019	CT	ET: Similar as described for ET ST: Exercises using a neck barbell and gymnastics ball: upper limb exercises with a neck barbell on Mondays; spine-stabilising exercises, deep muscle-forming exercises, and balance-adjusting exercises with a gymnastic ball on Wednesdays; lower limb exercises with a neck barbell on Fridays; the number of repetitions was systematically increased with the increase in subject’s muscle strength	ET: 60–80% of HR max ST: 50–60% of 1 RM	60 (ET: 25 + ST: 20 + warm up: 5 + cool down: 10)	3	13	Yes
Martins et al. [48]	2018	ET	High-intensity interval body weight training; 10 sets of vigorous exercises (30 s of stair climbing and 30 s of body weight squats) interspersed by 60 s of a light walk ⁶	>85% of HR max + recovery at 60–70% of HR max	36	3	12	Yes
Martins et al. [48]	2018	CT	ET: Moderate walking ST: 1–3 sets of 5 resistance exercises of 8–12 repetitions ¹ with 1.5 min. rest intervals between the sets and exercises (half squat, bench press, leg curl, rowing machine, and unilateral leg extension)	ET: 70% of HR max ST: 70% of 1 RM ⁶	68 (including 30 min. of ET ⁶)	3	12	Yes
Roberson et al. [49]	2018	ET	Moderate-intensity treadmill training	55% of HR reserve (±2 bpm)	Prescription time: 35 Actual time: 33 ± 2 ⁷	3	12	Yes
		ST	High-velocity circuit resistance training of 2–3 rotations ¹ of 11 exercises of 12 repetitions at the specified optimal load (%1RM) in the following order: chest press (50%), leg press (60%), latissimus dorsi pulldown (40%), hip adduction (70%), overhead press (60%), leg curl (60%), seated row (50%), hip abduction (70%), elbow extension (50%), plantar flexion (60%), and elbow flexion (50%)	Börg scale: 6.0 ± 0.2 ⁷	Actual time: 30 ± 2 ⁷	3
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Alvarez et al. [50]	2017	ET	High-intensity interval training on cycle ergometers, energy expenditure: 45 kcal/kg/min, ~540 kcal/week	Börg scale: 8–10 70–100% of HR reserve	38	3	12	Yes
Alvarez et al. [50]	2017	ST	4 exercises per session: biceps curl, shoulder press, and upper row, which were performed using free weights and metal bars, and leg extension using the exercise machine; the programme consisted of an interval of working for 60 s; each interval of work was repeated 3 times and was interspersed by an inactive recovery period of 120 s; energy expenditure: 45 kcal/kg/min, ~540 kcal/week	Börg scale: 8–10 20–50% of 1 RM ¹	36	3	12	Yes
AminiLari et al. [51]	2017	ET	Training on cycle ergometer	50–55% of HR max 5.5–7.1 MET	45 ^1,5 (25 ET + 20 warm-up)	3	12	NI
		ST	3 sets of 6 weight training exercises of 8 repetitions (leg extension, prone leg curl, abdominal crunch, biceps, triceps, and seated calf)	50–55% of 1 RM 5.5–7.1 MET	NI ¹ (20 warm-up)
		CT	Consisted of ET integrated with ST	ET: 50–55% of HR max ST: 50–55% of 1 RM Total: 5.5–7.1 MET	half the execution time of ET/ST
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Arslan et al. [52]	2017	ET	Major muscle group exercises using basic steps and a minimum of three rhythmic variations of popular dance styles and aerobics	60–70% of HR max	80 (60 ET + 10 warm-up and 10 cool-down)	3	34	Yes
		CT	ET: Similar as described for ET ST: 3 sets of 9 exercises of 15–20 repetitions with 2–3 min between sets; the major muscle groups of the upper and lower limbs were exercised with the use of free weights (dumbbells); exercises used in the programme: biceps curl, triceps extension, sit up, squat, side elevation, shoulder press, side bends, pectoral fly and upright row	ET: 60–70% of HR max ST: 60–70% at 1 RM ¹	60 (ET: 35 + ST: 25)	3
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Oh et al. [53]	2017	ET ³	3 sets of 3 min cycling with a 2 min active rest between sets, energy expenditure: 180 kcal	80–85% of VO₂ max (rest at 50% of VO₂ max)	13	3	12	Yes
		ET ²	Cycling, energy expenditure: 360 kcal	60–65% of VO₂ max	40
		ST	Consisted of sit-ups, leg presses, leg extensions, leg curls, chest presses, seated rows, and pulldown, energy expenditure: 180 kcal	To 60% of 1 RM for lower body exercises 30–60% of 1 RM for upper body exercises	NI
Said et al. [54]	2017	ET	High-impact training involves rhythmic exercises routine in which both feet leave the ground: side by side, step touch, side slot, v-step, grapevine, pivot, cha cha cha, mambo rock-line dance, diamond step, hamstring-curl, heel touch, sit-up and push up, fast walking, turn round, heel side, knee-up, scissors double, hop and jump, jumping jack, side kick, full turn, double kick	70–85% of HR max ¹	50–60	4	24	Yes
Said et al. [54]	2017	CT	ET: Low-impact rhythmic exercises ST: 2 sets of muscle-strengthening exercises, with 15 s of rest between exercises and 3 min between sets, conducted on resistance machines: leg extension, leg flexion, bench press, shoulder press, triceps extension, and biceps curl; sit-ups for the abdominal muscles were also performed in all sessions; rhythmic exercises were performed without any jumping (side by side, step touch, side slot, v-step, grapevine, pivot, cha cha cha, mambo rock-line dance, diamond step, hamstring-curl, heel touch, sit-up and push up	ET: 50–65% of HR max ST: 60–80% of 1 RM	60–70 (ET: 30 + ST: 20 + warm-up and cool down: 5–10)	4	24	Yes
Soori et al. [55]	2017	ET	Water-based training: swimming or walking in the water	40–60% of HR max ¹	45	3	10	Yes
		ST	3 sets of 6 dynamic exercises with free weights of 10–12 repetitions: bench press, lateral pulldown, rowing, leg press, hip flexion and extension	40–60% of 1 RM ¹	45
		CT	ET: Swimming ST: 2 sets of 10–12 repetitions of resistance exercises described in the ST group	ET: 40–60% of HR max ST: 40–60% of 1 RM ¹	44 (ET: 22 + ST: 22)
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Wang [56]	2017	ET	Aerobics and jogging	60–70% of HR max	60	3	16	NI
		CT	ET: Similar as described for ET ST: 3 groups of 6 movement links repeated 6–8 times: flexion and extension of shoulder joints, elbow joints, hip joints, knee joints, and muscles of the trunk	ET: 60–70% of HR max ST: 60–70% of 1 RM	60 (ET: 40 + ST: 20)	NI
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Chen et al. [57]	2016	ET	Brisk walking	60–70% of HR max	NI	3	8	NI
		ST	3 sets of 8 exercise stations, 8–15 repetitions for each station of upper and lower body exercises by using dumbbells	NI	45	3
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Rossi et al. [21]	2016	ET	Traveling 3 distances (400, 800, and 1,200 m) in the shortest possible	100% of critical velocity	52	3	16	NI
		CT	ET: Similar as described for ET ST: 3–4 sets of 8–15 repetition exercises with 60–90 s between sets: leg press, leg extension, leg curl, bench press, seated row, arm curl, triceps extension, side elevation with dumbbells, and abdominal exercises	ET: 100% of critical velocity ST: 65–80% of maximum ¹	57 (ET: 30 + ST: 27)	3
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Tayebi et al. [58]	2016	ET	Running program	65–85% of HR max ¹	25–40 ¹	3	8	NI
		ST	6 sets of 5 exercises of 3–12 repetitions: leg press, knee extension, lat pulldown, biceps curls, dead lift	50–80% of 1 RM	NI
		CT	ET: Similar as described for ET (one or a half-term ET) ST: 3 sets of 5 listed in the ST group exercises, 4–12 repetitions	ET: 65–85% of HR max ¹ ST: 50–80% of 1 RM	NI
AbouAssi et al. ^b [20] Bateman et al. ^b [13] Slentz et al. ^b [15]	2015 2011 2011	ET	Included treadmill, elliptical trainers, cycle ergometers, or any combination of this equivalent to roughly 19.2 km/wk (12 miles/wk), energy expenditure: 14 kcal/kg/week	65–80% of VO₂ peak ¹	Prescription time: 44 ± 8 ^4,8 Actual time: 40 ± 7 ^4,8	3	34	Yes
		ST	3 sets of 8 exercises of 8–12 repetitions performed on 8 weight-lifting machines designed to target all major muscle groups	70–85% of 1 RM	60
		CT	The full ET plus the full ST regimens	ET: 65–80% of VO₂ peak ¹ ST: 70–85% of 1 RM	ET: Prescription time: 45 ± 92 ^4,8 Actual time: 35 ± 11 ^4,8 ST: 60
Mahdirejei et al. [14]	2015	ET	Run interval training with active relaxation, at 2:1 ratio	65–80% of HR max ¹	45–60	3	4	Yes
		ST	3 circuits of 8 isotonic exercises of 8–12 repetitions for each movement in a circuit; with 30–60 s intervals between each exercise and with 120–180 s intervals between each circuit: squat to press, arm curl, chest press, knee extension, seated rowing, heel raise, overhead press, and leg curl	60–80% of 1 RM	45–60	3
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Huffman et al. ^b [59]	2014	ET ⁹	Low-amount moderate-intensity exercises, energy expenditure: 1200 kcal/week	40–55% of VO₂ peak	NI	NI	26	Yes
		ET ¹⁰	Low-amount vigorous-intensity exercises, energy expenditure: 1200 kcal/week	65–80% of VO₂ peak		3
		ET ¹¹	High-amount vigorous-intensity exercises, energy expenditure: 2000 kcal/week	65–80% of VO₂ peak
		ST	3 sets, 8–12 repetitions of upper and lower body exercises	NI
		CT	Linear combination of low-amount vigorous-intensity training and ST	ET: 65–80% of VO₂ peak ST: NI
		CG	No intervention	N/A		N/A
Nikseresht et al. [16]	2014	ET	Running on a treadmill; 4 sets of 4 min with 3 min recovery intervals	80–90% of HR max (recovery intervals at 55–65% of HR max)	25 ¹²	3	12	Yes
		ST	1–4 sets of 12 exercises of 2–20 repetitions with 1–7 min of rest period: knee extension, bench press, incline bench press, seated row, dead lift, pulley crunches, lat pulldowns, calf raise, hamstring curl, press behind neck, upright row, arm curl	40–95% of 1 RM	40–65	3
		CG	Continued their normal sedentary life	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sousa et al. [60]	2014	ET	Trained in a land environment and in an aquatic environment; including walking and/or jogging and/or dancing patterns, and muscular endurance, which included 3 exercises (3 sets, 15–20 repetitions) using only bodyweight and gravity for strengthening the lower and upper limbs in a land environment, and water resistance in an aquatic environment; agility exercises in an informal game format (e. g. relay races, water volleyball and water polo) during the training sessions exclusively in the aquatic environment	Moderate-to-vigorous intensity	60	3	32	Yes
		CT	ET: Similar as described for ET ST: 3 sets of 7 exercises of 8–12 repetitions with 30 s rest periods between sets and 1 min between exercises: bench press, leg press, lateral pulldown, leg extension, military press, leg curl and arm curl and floor exercises for the abdominals and erector spinae muscle groups	65–75% of 1 RM ¹	60	3
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Changela et al. [61]	2013	ET	Walking, jogging, aerobic dance with music	60–70% of HR max	40	3	6	Yes
Changela et al. [61]	2013	ST	4 sets of 7 different types of exercises of 10 repetitions; training started with 10 lifts with 50% of 10 RM, then 75% of 10 RM and progressed to 100% of 10 RM; seven different types of exercises such as abdominal curl-ups, biceps curls, triceps extension, back extension, leg curls, side leg raises and knee extension were included	NI	NI	3	6	Yes
Donges et al. [62]	2013	ET	Cycling with elliptical cross training	75–80% of HR max	40–60 ¹	3	12	Yes
		ST	Whole-body training program, including chest and shoulder press, seated rows, lat pulldown, leg press, leg curls, lunges, machine squats, and deadlifts; 3–4 sets × 8–10 of each exercise	75–80% of 1 RM ¹	NI
		CT	ET: Similar as described for ET ST: 1.5–2 × 8–10 of each exercise described in the ST group	ET: 75–80% of HR max ST: 75–80% of 1 RM ¹	ET: 20–30 ST:NI
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Kadoglou et al. [63]	2013	ET	Walking or running on a treadmill, cycling or calisthenics	60–75% of HR max	60	4	26	Yes
		ST	2–3 sets of 8 types of exercises of 8–10 repetitions: seated leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, chest press, lat pulldown, overhead press, biceps curl, and triceps extension	60–80% of 1 RM	60 ^1,5
		CT	CT: combined training as in aerobic training group and resistance training group with the following pattern weekly: 1 session of ET programme; 1 session of ST; and 2 sessions combining the types of exercise of both ET and ST in the same session	ET: 60–75% of HR max ST: 60–80% of 1 RM	55 ^1,5
		CG	Patients were encouraged to perform self-controlled, leisure-time physical activity (e.g., walking briskly, cycling outdoor)	Low-to-moderate intensity	150/week	N/A
Paoli et al. [64]	2013	ET	Training on cycloergometer + 4 sets of 20 repetitions of abdominal crunches	50% of HR reserve	50 (ET: 8 + ST: 42)	3	12	Yes
		CT ¹³	ET: training on cycloergometer ST: 2 sets of the following exercises: back: underhand cable pulldowns; chest: pectoral machine; shoulders: lateral shoulder raise; lower limbs: horizontal press; abdomen: 1 set of 20 repetitions abdominal crunches performed with 3 sets of rest-pause; every set consists of 6 RM, 20 min recovery, 2 reps at exhaustion 20 min recovery	ET: 3 min at 50% of HR reserve and 1 min at 75% of HR reserve
		CT ¹⁴	ET: training on cycloergometer ST: 2 sets of the following exercises: back: underhand cable pulldowns; chest: pectoral machine; shoulders: lateral shoulder raise; lower limbs: horizontal press, the exercises were performed to reach 15 RM; abdomen: 1 set of 20 repetitions abdominal crunches	ET: 50% of HR reserve
Venojärvi et al. [65]	2013	ET	Nordic walking consisted of warmup exercises including walking for 5 min and stretching of main muscle groups in addition to walking with poles; after the pole walking, the main muscle groups were stretched for 5 min for cool-down	55–75% of HR reserve ¹	60	3	12	Yes
		ST	Started with warm-up exercises (cycling or rowing with ergometer for 5 min and stretching of main muscle groups). The main part of programme was performed by using regular resistance equipment, and the training focus was on strength and power exercises of the lower extremities and trunk but also muscles of the upper extremities were trained. Muscle contractions were performed with maximal or high velocity, and external loads were 50–85% from exercise-specific maximal strength, which was determined by the 5RM; At the end of every session, subjects cooled down by cycling or rowing with the ergometer for 5 min and by stretching the main muscle groups	50–85% from exercise-specific maximal strength, which was determined by the 5 RM	60	3
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ho et al. [66]	2012	ET	Treadmill walking	60% of HR reserve ± 10 beats/min	30	5	12	No
		ST	4 sets of 5 exercises of 8–12 repetitions at 10 RM of leg press, leg curl, leg extension, bench press, rear deltoid row	NI
		CT	ET: Similar as described for ET ST: 2 sets of 8–12 repetitions at 10 RM of exercises described in the ST group	ET: 60% of HR reserve ± 10 beats/min ST: NI	30 (ET: 15 + ST: 15)
		CG	No exercise, subjects were requested to continue their normal physical activity and received a placebo dietary supplement only	N/A	N/A	N/A
Stensvold et al. ^c [67] Stensvold et al. ^c [22]	2012 2010	ET	Aerobic interval training: as treadmill walking or running (self-selected) consisted of 4 intervals of 4 min at and 3 min active recovery period	Intervals: 90–95% of HR peak Recovery period: 70% of HR peak	43	3	12	Yes
		ST	3 sets of 8–12 repetitions; consisted of two different programs including different muscle groups; the following exercises were performed twice weekly (programme 1): low row, bench press, and hack lift; the alternative programme was performed once each week (programme 2): deltoid exercise (lateral raise exercise), triceps pulldown, biceps curl, and low-row and core exercises (plank exercise)	60–80% of 1 RM ¹	40–50 ¹⁵
		CT	ET twice a week and ST once a week	ET: 90–95% of HR peak ST: 60–80% of 1 RM ¹	ET: 43 ST: 40–50 ¹³
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Sukala et al. [68]	2012	ET	Exercises on a cycle ergometer	65–85% of HR reserve ¹	40–60 ¹	3	16	Yes
Sukala et al. [68]	2012	ST	2–3 sets of 8 exercises of 6–8 repetitions with 1 min rest between sets and exercises; exercises with the use of machine weights targeting all the major muscle groups of the body: seated leg press, knee extension, knee flexion, chest press, lat pulldown, overhead press, biceps curl, and triceps extension	NI	40–60 ¹	3	16	Yes
Jorge et al. [69]	2011	ET	Cycling programme	HR corresponding to the lactate threshold	60	3	12	Yes
		ST	Focused on the large muscle groups and consisted of a 7-exercise circuit as follows: leg press, bench press, lat pulldown, seated rowing, shoulder press, abdominal curls, and knee curls	NI
		CT	Consisted of ST interchanged with ET performed at the same intensity and half the volume of the ET and ST groups	ET: HR corresponding to the lactate threshold ST:NI
		CG	Light stretching exercises	N/A	N/A
Gram et al. [70]	2010	ET	Nordic walking	At least 40% VO₂ max	45	1–2	16 (36 follow up)	Yes
		CT	Training on ergometer cycles, rowing machines, step machines, and strength training machines (for chest and leg, upper back, and knee extension and flexion)	ET: At least 40% VO₂ max CT: Börg scale 13–14	45	1–2
		CG	Written information about exercises and advice to be physically active	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ahmadizad et al. [71]	2007	ET	Continuous running	75–85% of HR max	20–30 ¹	3	12	Yes
		ST	4 sets of circuit weight training for 11 stations; the maximum number of repetitions in each station was 12; exercises involving the upper and lower body	50–60% of 1 RM	50–60	3
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A
Hara et al. [72]	2005	ET	Training on treadmills and cycle ergometers	40.8–54.8% of VO₂ max	30–45	3	8	NI
		CT	ET: Similar as described for ET ST: Exercises: arm curl, triceps extension, and shoulder press for upper-limb training; squat, leg press, leg curl, leg extension, and calf raise for lower-limb training; and bench press, seated butterfly, lat pulldown, trunk curl, back extension, and dead lift for trunk training. Participants selected 2 types each from the upper and lower limb training options, and 3 from trunk training choices, and thus performed 7 exercises in each training session; 3 sets for each exercise consisting of 10 repetition	ET: 40.8–54.8% of VO₂ max ST: 80% of 1 RM	80–90 (ET: 30+ ST: 50–60)	ET: 3+ R: 2–3	22
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A	NI
Banz et al. [73]	2003	ET	Training with ski exercise equipment	60–85% of HR max	40	3	10	Yes
Banz et al. [73]	2003	ST	3 sets of lifts using sub-maximal effort to complete each of 10 lifts/set; 8 different exercises during each workout: military press, leg extension, bench press, leg curl, lateral pulldown, triceps pushdown, biceps curl, and sit-ups	NI	N/A	3	10	Yes
Cuff et al. [74]	2003	ET	Programme with using treadmills, stationary bicycles, recumbent steppers, elliptical trainers, and rowing machines	60–75% of HR reserve	75	3	16	Yes
		CT	ET: Similar as described for ET ST: 2 sets of 5 stack weight equipment exercises of 12 repetitions: leg press, leg curl, hip extension, chest press, and latissimus pulldown	ET: 60–75% of HR reserveST: NI	75	3
		CG	No intervention	N/A	N/A	N/A

CG—control group; CT—combined training; ET—endurance training; HR—heart ratio; MET—metabolic equivalent; N/A—not applicable; NI—no information; RM—repetition maximum; ST—strength training; VO₂—oxygen uptake. ¹ Increasing progressively over time; ² Moderate-intensity continuous training; ³ High-intensity interval training; ⁴ Mean ± standard deviation; ⁵ Two weeks for the familiarisation with the training and 8 weeks for the main training; ⁶ The goal duration/volume of training; ⁷ Mean ± standard error; ⁸ The total number of min that needed to be obtained was determined by fitness level, as all subjects were prescribed a specific amount of exercise per unit body weight. Higher fit individuals required less time to expend the prescribed number of calories per week; subjects were encouraged not to exceed 60 min/day; ⁹ Low-amount moderate-intensity training group; ¹⁰ Low-amount vigorous-intensity training group; ¹¹ High-amount vigorous-intensity training group; ¹² Four sets of 4 min training with 3 min recovery; ¹³ High-intensity circuit training; ¹⁴ Low-intensity circuit training; ¹⁵ Program 1: 40 min, programme 2: 50 min; ^a–c Studies marked with the same letters were conducted in the same population.