Table 3.
Glucose and insulin metabolism parameters in studied populations.
| Author | Year | Group | Glucose [mmol/L] | Insulin [µU/mL] | HbA1c [%] | HOMA | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Changes | Pre | Post | Changes | Pre | Post | Changes | Pre | Post | Changes | |||
| Jamka et al. [38] | 2021 | ET CT |
5.49 ± 0.72 1 5.49 ± 0.83 1 |
5.67 ± 0.89 1 5.5 ± 0.67 1 |
0.17 ± 0.55 1,2 0 ± 0.44 1,2 |
14.7 ± 7.0 1 15.7 ± 8.4 1 |
15.5 ± 10.4 1 15.3 ± 9.2 1 |
0.5 ± 10.6 1,2 −1.4 ± 10.7 1,2 |
5.6 ± 0.4 1 5.6 ± 0.4 1 |
5.6 ± 0.4 1 5.7 ± 0.3 1 |
0.0 ± 0.5 1,2 0.1 ± 0.5 1,2 |
3.66 ± 1.99 1 3.88 ± 2.19 1 |
4.04 ± 3.27 1 3.75 ± 2.35 1 |
−0.12 ± 2.36 1,2 −0.44 ± 2.44 1,2 |
| Banitalebi et al. [39] Banitalebi et al. [40,75] |
2021 2019 |
ET | 11.67 ± 1.83 1,3 | 7.63 ± 1.83 1,3 | −4.04 3,5 | 10.08 ± 5.43 1 | 8.18 ± 5.75 1 | −1.9 5,6 | 9.64 ± 1.08 1 | 7.82 ± 0.93 1 | −1.82 (−2.5–−1.14) 4,7 | 1.63 ± 0.83 1 | 1.15 ± 0.74 1 | 0.21 5 |
| 8.21 ± 2.29 1,3,4 | 4.97 ± 1.3 1,4 | −5.11 (−7.76–−2.46) 4,7 | ||||||||||||
| CT | 11.92 ± 1.54 1,3 | 9.10 ± 3.97 1,3 | −2.82 3,5 | 10.37 ± 5.35 1 | 8.83 ± 7.60 1 | −1.54 5,6 | 9.49 ± 0.86 1 | 8.25 ± 1.22 1 | −1.24 (−2.19–−0.29) 4,7 | 1.13 ± 0.28 1 | 0.95 ± 0.24 1 | 1.38 5 | ||
| 11.99 ± 3.50 1,3,4 | 5.93 ± 2.24 1,4 | −4.44 (−7.20–−1.68) 4,7 | ||||||||||||
| CG | 11.16 ± 2.60 1,3 | 10.58 ± 3.32 1,3 | −0.58 3,5 | 9.55 ± 4.05 1 | 9.16 ± 3.75 1 | −0.39 5,6 | 9.10 ± 0.51 1 | 9.12 ± 1.41 1 | 0.02 (−0.67–0.71) 4,7 | 1.39 ± 0.63 1 | 1.42 ± 0.71 1 | 1.12 5 | ||
| 10.95 ± 2.61 1,3,4 | 11.28 ± 3.37 1,3,4 | 9.21 ± 2.06 1,4 | −0.33 (−2.49–1.83) 4,7 | |||||||||||
| p 8 |
p = 0.0001 (group) p = 0.03 (time × group) ET: p = 0.001 (pre vs. post) 4 |
p = 0.02 (group) ET, CT: p = 0.001 (pre vs. post) 4 0.036 (between groups) 4 |
p = 0.0001 (group) p = 0.006 (time × group) ET: p = 0.0001 (pre vs. post) CT: 2021: p = 0.01, 2019: p = 0.002 (pre vs. post) |
p = 0.007 (group) p = 0.02 (time × group) |
||||||||||
| Amanat et al. a [41] | 2020 | ET ST CT CG |
8.77 ± 1.74 1,3 8.83 ± 1.72 1,3 9.01 ± 1.51 1,3 9.08 ± 1.21 1,3 |
8.51 ± 1.76 1,3,9 8.65 ± 1.61 1,3,9 8.64 ± 1.51 1,3,9 9.13 ± 1.31 1,3,9 |
−0.26 ± 0.27 1,2,3,10,11 −0.18 ± 0.29 1,2,3,10,11 −0.36 ± 0.27 1,2,3,10,11 0.05 ± 0.22 1,2,3,10,11 |
10.62 ± 1.03 9 10.66 ± 1.50 9 10.60 ± 1.35 9 10.34 ± 1.55 9 |
10.03 ± 0.91 9 9.91 ± 1.56 9 9.05 ± 1.27 9 10.46 ± 1.7 9 |
−0,58 ± 0.63 2,10,11 −0.74 ± 0.66 2,10,11 −1.55 ± 1.16 2,10,11 0.12 ± 0.063 2,10,11 |
NI | NI | NI | 4.11 ± 0.74 9 4.13 ± 0.67 9 4.24 ± 0.95 9 4.18 ± 0.85 9 |
3.69 ± 0.77 9 3.72 ± 0.68 9 3.48 ± 0.83 9 4.20 ± 0.99 9 |
−0.41 ± 0.27 2,10,11 −0.4 ± 0.53 2,10,11 −0.76 ± 0.46 2,10,11 0.03 ± 0.29 2,10,11 |
| p 8 | ET: p = 0.003, ST: p = 0.037, CT: p < 0.001 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG, CT vs. CG: p < 0.05 (post) ET, CT vs. CG: p < 0.05 (changes) |
ET: p = 0.004, ST: p = 0.001, CT: p < 0.001 (pre vs. post) ST vs. CG, CT vs. CG, CT vs. ET, CT vs. ST: p < 0.05 (post) ST vs. CG, CT vs. CG: p < 0.05 (changes) |
ET: p < 0.001, ST: p = 0.012, CT: p < 0.001 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG: p = 0.022 (post) ST vs. CG: p= 0.032 (post) CT vs. CG: p < 0.001 (post) ET vs. CG, ST vs. CG, CT vs. CG: p < 0.05 (changes) |
|||||||||||
| Dianatinasab et al. a [42] | 2020 | ET ST CT CG |
7.16 ± 1.76 1,3 6.42 ± 0.71 1,3 7.26 ± 0.53 1,3 6.62 ± 0.50 1,3 |
5.84 ± 1.56 1 6.29 ± 0.72 1 6.17 ± 0.55 1 6.80 ± 0.50 1 |
−1.35 3,5,10 −0.53 3,5,10 −1.08 3,5,10 0.07 3,5,10 |
11.57 ± 1.04 1 10.58 ± 1.55 1 10.72 ± 1.38 1 10.15 ± 1.60 1 |
10.50 ± 1.09 1 9.32 ± 1.52 1 8.45 ± 1.62 1 9.98 ± 1.61 1 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | 3.37 ± 0.49 1 3.02 ± 0.65 1 3.46 ± 0.48 1 2.98 ± 0.35 1 |
2.72 ± 0.51 1 2.60 ± 0.64 1 2.31 ± 0.55 1 3.01 ± 0.54 1 |
−0.63 5,10 −0.37 5,10 −1.07 5,10 0.04 5,10 |
| p 8 | ET: p = 0.011, CT: p = 0.022 (pre vs. post) p = 0.01 (time × group) |
ST: p = 0.042, CT: p = 0.011 (pre vs. post) p = 0.007 (time × group) |
ET: p = 0.035, ST: p = 0.050, CT: p = 0.001 (pre vs. post) p = 0.001 (time × group) |
|||||||||||
| Dupuit et al. [37] | 2020 | ET 12 ET 13 CT |
1.2 ± 0.7 1 1.2 ± 0.3 1 1.2 ± 0.6 1 |
1.2 ± 0.4 1 1.2 ± 0.3 1 1.2 ± 0.7 1 |
NI | 11.2 ± 3.0 1 12.9 ± 14.8 1 11.5 ± 3.3 1 |
9.1 ± 3.3 1 12.5 ± 13.0 1 11.7 ± 4.4 1 |
NI | 5.6 ± 0.5 1 6.1 ± 0.9 1 5.8 ± 0.2 1 |
5.5 ± 0.4 1 6.0 ± 0.7 1 5.7 ± 0.2 1 |
NI | 3.0 ± 1.2 1 3.9 ± 4.7 1 2.8 ± 0.8 1 |
2.2 ± 0.8 1 3.8 ± 4.4 1 3.0 ± 1.4 1 |
NI |
| Kim et al. [43] | 2020 | ET ST |
5.45 ± 0.76 1,3 5.52 ± 0.63 1,3 |
5.40 ± 0.63 1,3 5.56 ± 0.92 1,3 |
−0.047 ± 0.46 1,3 0.059 ± 0.46 1,3 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | 2.24 ± 1.16 1 2.15 ± 1.15 1 |
1.88 ± 0.81 1 2.07 ± 1.14 1 |
−0.35 ± 0.84 1 −0.08 ± 0.63 1 |
| Christensen et al. [44] | 2019 | ET ST CG |
5.1 ± 0.5 1,3 4.7 ± 0.4 1,3 5.1 ± 0.5 1,3 |
5.1 (4.9–5.3) 14 5.1 (4.8–5.3) 14 5.0 (4.7–5.3) 14 |
−0.2 (−0.4–0.0) 14
−0.2 (−0.4–0.1) 14 −0.1 (−0.3–0.2) 14 |
NI | 12.38 (8.78–15.98) 3,14 12.96 (9.07–16.99) 3,14 16.99 (12.96–21.02) 3,14 |
−1.23 (−5.47–1.87) 3,14
−1.15 (−5.18–2.74) 3,14 2.74 (−1.30–6.77) 3,14 |
5.8 ± 0.4 1 5.7 ± 0.5 1 6.2 ± 0.6 1 |
4.8 (4.6–4.8) 3,14 4.6 (4.5–4.8) 3,14 4.6 (4.5–4.8) 3,14 |
4 (1–6) 14 1 (−1–4) 14 3 (0–6) 14 |
NI | NI | NI |
| Keihanian et al. [45] | 2019 | ET ST CG |
9.59 ± 0.49 1,3 9.68 ± 0.41 1,3 9.35 ± 0.39 1,3 |
7.59 ± 0.27 1,3 7.18 ± 0.42 1,3 8.91 ± 0.63 1,3 |
−1.99 3,5 −2.50 3,5 −0.44 3,5 |
8.7 ± 0.2 1 8.6 ± 0.2 1 8.8 ± 0.2 1 |
8.3 ± 0.2 1 8.1 ± 0.2 1 8.7 ± 0.2 1 |
−0.39 3,5 −0.50 3,5 −0.10 3,5 |
7.5 ± 1.2 1 7.8 ± 1.1 1 7.2 ± 1.6 1 |
7 ± 1.2 1 6.9 ± 0.8 1 7.2 ± 1.7 1 |
−6.6 5 −11.5 5 0 5 |
3.7 ± 0.4 1 3.6 ± 0.3 1 3.5 ± 0.6 1 |
2.8 ± 0.3 1 2.6 ± 0.2 1 3.3 ± 0.6 1 |
−0.9 3,5 −1.0 3,5 −0.2 3,5 |
| p 8 | ET, ST: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG, ST vs. CG, ET vs. ST: p < 0.05 (post) |
ET, ST: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG, ST vs. CG: p < 0.05 (post) |
ET, ST: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG, ST vs. CG, ET vs. ST: p < 0.05 (post) |
ET, ST: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG, ST vs. CG: p < 0.05 (post) |
||||||||||
| Mohammad Rahimi et al. [46] | 2019 | ET ST CT CG |
5.59 ± 0.27 1,3 5.62 ± 0.19 1,3 5.54 ± 0.32 1,3 5.57 ± 0.21 1,3 |
4.78 ± 0.54 1,3 5.43 ± 0.39 1,3 4.51 ± 0.41 1,3 5.53 ± 0.3 1,3 |
NI | 23.7 ± 2.7 1 21.7 ± 3.5 1 21.8 ± 3.2 1 22.3 ± 4.2 1 |
13.9 ± 4.1 1 15.2 ± 3.3 1 10.2 ± 2.7 1 23.1 ± 2.7 1 |
NI | 6.4 ± 0.8 1 6.5 ± 0.7 1 6.5 ± 0.7 1 6.4 ± 0.8 1 |
4.3 ± 0.7 1 6.0 ± 0.8 1 4.2 ± 0.8 1 6.2 ± 0.9 1 |
NI | 5.9 ± 0.7 1 5.4 ± 0.9 1 5.4 ± 0.9 1 5.5 ± 1.1 1 |
3.0 ± 1.0 1 3.7 ± 0.9 1 2.0 ± 0.5 1 5.7 ± 0.8 1 |
NI |
| p 8 | ET, CT: p < 0.001 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG, CT vs. CG: p < 0.05 (post) |
ET, ST, CT: p < 0.001 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG, ST vs. CG, CT vs. CG: p < 0.05 (post) |
ET, CT: p < 0.001 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG, CT vs. CG, ET vs. ST, CT vs. ST: p < 0.05 (post) |
ET, ST, CT: p < 0.001 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG, ST vs. CG, CT vs. CG: p < 0.05 (post) |
||||||||||
| Martins et al. [48] | 2018 | ET CT |
6.09 ± 1.28 1,3 5.28 ± 0.83 1,3 |
5.64 ± 0.78 1,3 5.14 ± 0.95 1,3 |
−0.46 3,5 −0.14 3,5 |
13.6 ± 6.11 3,15 9.9 ± 5.8 1,3,15 |
11.1 ± 4.2 1,3,15
8.6 ± 4.7 1,3,15 |
−18.3 5,16 −13.1 5,16 |
6.2 ± 0.5 1,3 6.1 ± 0.4 1,3 |
5.9 ± 0.3 1,3 5.9 ± 0.2 1,3 |
−4.8 5 −3.3 5 |
3.8 ± 2.2 1,3 2.4 ± 1.7 1,3 |
2.8 ± 1.1 1,3 2.1 ± 1.5 1,3 |
−1.0 3,5 −0.3 3,5 |
| p 8 | ET, CT: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) p = 0.045 (time × group) |
ET, CT: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) p = 0.022 (time × group) |
ET, CT: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) p = 0.021 (time × group) |
ET, CT: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) p = 0.025 (time × group) |
||||||||||
| Roberson et al. [49] | 2018 | ET ST CG |
5.44 ± 0.83 3,17 5.33 ± 0.41 3,17 4.94 ± 0.43 3,17 |
4.94 ± 0.55 3,17 4.83 ± 0.27 3,17 5.12 ± 0.37 3,17 |
−0.5 ± 0.22 3,17 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| p 8 | ST: p ≤ 0.05 (pre vs. post) | |||||||||||||
| Alvarez et al. [50] | 2017 | ET ST |
5.8 ± 0.3 1,3 5.7 ± 0.4 1,3 |
5.4 ± 0.5 1,3 5.4 ± 0.4 1,3 |
−0.39 ± 0.39 1,3 −0.33 ± 0.39 1,3 |
16.5 ± 4.6 1,18 18.1 ± 4.9 1,18 |
8.7 ± 3.3 1,18 11.2 ± 3.9 1,18 |
−7.8 ± 1.3 1,18 −6.9 ± 4.4 1,18 |
NI | NI | NI | 4.2 ± 1.1 1 4.4 ± 1.0 1 |
2.1 ± 0.7 1 2.8 ± 1.0 1 |
−2.1 ± 0.4 1 −1.6 ± 1.0 1 |
| p 8 | p < 0.001 (pre vs. post) |
p = 0.003 (pre) p < 0.0001 (pre vs. post) |
p = 0.005 (pre) p < 0.0001 (pre vs. post) ET vs. ST: p = 0.026 (post) |
|||||||||||
| AminiLari et al. [51] | 2017 | ET ST CT CG |
9.57 ± 1.01 1,3 9.43 ± 1.26 1,3 9.44 ± 1.18 1,3 10.10 ± 0.68 1,3 |
7.76 ± 1.21 1,3 7.18 ± 1.36 1,3 6.86 ± 0.52 1,3 9.26 ± 0.46 1,3 |
−2.35 3,5 −2.09 3,5 −2.49 3,5 −0.81 3,5 |
13.25 ± 3.92 1 14.43 ± 3.09 1 12.16 ± 3.62 1 12.70 ± 3.39 1 |
14.90 ± 5.51 1 18.53 ± 5.65 1 13.01 ± 3.62 1 14.30 ± 3.36 1 |
1.73 3,5 4.23 3,5 1.22 3,5 1.83 3,5 |
NI | NI | NI | 5.50 ± 1.2 1 5.94 ± 0.98 1 4.97 ± 0.98 1 5.66 ± 1.37 1 |
4.53 ± 0.88 1 18.53 ± 5.65 1,19 3.92 ± 1.11 1 5.90 ± 1.56 1 |
−0.9 3,5 −0.3 3,5 −1.0 3,5 0.3 3,5 |
| p 8 | ET, CT: p = 0.001 (pre vs. post) ST, CG: p = 0.005 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG, ST vs. CG, CT vs. CG: p < 0.05 (post) CG: p = 0.02 (pre vs. post) p = 0.001 (group) |
ST: p = 0.02 (pre vs. post) | ET: p = 0.004 (pre vs. post) ET vs. ST, ET vs. CG, CT vs. ST, CT vs. CG p < 0.05 (post) CT: p = 0.005 (pre vs. post) CG: p = 0.002 (group) |
|||||||||||
| Oh et al. [53] | 2017 | ET 13 ET 12 ST |
2.009 ± 0.008 2,17,20 1.947 ± 0.021 2,17,20 1.991 ± 0.010 2,17,20 |
2.003 ± 0.013 2,17,20 1.962 ± 0.006 2,17,20 1.990 ± 0.015 2,17,20 |
−0.006 2,5,17,20 0.015 2,5,17,20 −0.001 2,5,17,20 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | 3.45 ± 0.50 17 2.24 ± 0.37 17 2.00 ± 0.24 17 |
3.25 ± 0.48 17 2.18 ± 0.29 17 1.88 ± 0.25 20 |
−0.20 5 −0.06 5 −0.12 5 |
| p 8 | ET 13 vs. ET 12 vs. ST: p < 0.01 (pre) | ET 13 vs. ET12 vs. ST: p < 0.05 (pre) | ||||||||||||
| Said et al. [54] | 2017 | ET CT |
5.69 ± 0.26 1,3 5.90 ± 0.57 1,3 |
5.62 ± 0.25 1,3 5.85 ± 0.57 1,3 |
−0.091 ± 0.046 1,3 −0.060 ± 0.041 1,3 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| Soori et al. [55] | 2017 | ET ST CT CG |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | 2.4 ± 0.6 1,3,10 1.8 ± 0.7 1,3,10 2.1 ± 0.9 1,3,10 1.96 ± 0.85 1,3,10 |
1.55 ± 0.55 1,3,10 2.0 ± 0.5 1,3,10 1.6 ± 0.8 1,3,10 2.05 ± 0.95 1,3,10 |
−0.52 3,5 NI −0.66 3,5 NI |
| p 8 | ET, CT: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) ET vs. ST: p < 0.05 (post) ET: p = 0.027, CT: p = 0.002 (changes) ET, ST, CT vs. CG: p = 0.029 (post hoc) ET vs. ST: p = 0.03819 (post hoc) |
|||||||||||||
| Tayebi et al. [58] | 2016 | ET ST CT |
NI | 5.2 ± 0.05 2,3,10 4.9± 0.05 2,3,10 4.4 ± 0.05 2,3,10 |
NI | NI | 14.1 ± 0.2 2,3,10 10.7 ± 0.15 2,3,10 15.0 ± 0.2 2,3,10 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | 63 ± 2 2,3,10,17 61 ± 2 2,3,10,17 56 ± 2 2,3,10,17 |
NI |
| p 8 | ET vs. ST, CT vs. ST, CT vs. ET: p = 0.001 | ET vs. ST, CT vs. ST, CT vs. ET: p = 0.001 | CT vs. ET: p = 0.016 | |||||||||||
| AbouAssi et al. b [20] | 2015 | ET ST CT |
5.4 ± 0.8 1,3 5.5 ± 0.6 1,3 5.1 ± 0.6 1,3 |
NI | −0.111 ± 0.55 1,3 −0.017 ± 0.05 1,3 0.022 ± 0.48 1,3 |
9.66 ± 6.0 1 8.63 ± 4.0 1 9.93 ± 5.0 1 |
NI | −2.03 ± 3.0 1 −0.22 ± 5.0 1 −2.06 ± 2.3 1 |
NI | NI | NI | 2.43 ± 1.72 1 2.15 ± 1.12 1 2.21 ± 1.15 1 |
NI | −0.59 ± 0.9 1 0.05 ± 1.3 1 −0.24 ± 1.16 1 |
| p 8 | ET: p = 0.001 (pre vs. post) CT: p = 0.0005 (pre vs. post) |
ET: p = 0.002 (pre vs. post) | ||||||||||||
| Nikseresht et al. [16] | 2014 | ET ST CG |
5.62 ± 0.04 1 6.21 ± 0.04 1 5.92 ± 0.05 1 |
5.36 ± 0.03 1 5.63 ± 0.07 1 5.81 ± 0.09 1 |
NI | 5.52 ± 1.72 1 5.80 ± 1.58 1 6.60 ± 1.86 1 |
3.61 ± 1.48 1 3.66 ± 0.92 1 6.20 ± 2.64 1 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | 1.39 ± 0.44 1 1.49 ± 0.47 1 1.72 ± 0.42 1 |
0.84 ± 0.34 1 0.84 ± 0.27 1 1.62 ± 0.56 1 |
−0.57 3,5 −0.72 3,5 NI |
| p 8 | ET, ST: p ≤ 0.05 (pre vs. post) ET, ST vs. CG: p ≤ 0.05 (post) p = 0.001 (time) p = 0.014 (group × time) p = 0.012 (group) |
ET, ST: p ≤ 0.05 (pre vs. post) ET, ST vs. CG: p ≤ 0.05 (post) p = 0.001 (time) p = 0.006 (group × time) p = 0.003 (group) |
||||||||||||
| Donges et al. [62] |
2013 | ET ST CT CG |
5.62 ± 0.14 17 5.35 ± 0.13 17 5.53 ± 0.15 17 5.48 ± 0.19 17 |
NI | NI | 12.8 ± 2.3 17 11.5 ± 1.8 17 13.1 ± 2.9 17 10.4 ± 2.5 17 |
NI | NI | 5.4 ± 0.1 17 5.3 ± 0.1 17 5.3 ± 0.1 17 5.4 ± 0.1 17 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| Kadoglou et al. [63] | 2013 | ET ST CT CG |
11.59 ± 2.88 1 10.54 ± 1.55 1 11.15 ± 2.88 1 9.87 ± 1.99 1 |
NI | −3.21 ± 1.49 1 −0.99 ± 0.38 1 −3.71 ± 1.60 1 −0.33 ± 0.61 1 |
6.96 ± 2.72 1 7.82 ± 1.84 1 7.46 ± 2.99 1 8.93 ± 2.12 1 |
NI | −2.97 ± 0.84 1 −2.05 ± 0.75 1 −4.22 ± 1.57 1 −0.22 ± 0.59 1 |
8.3 ± 1.1 1 8 ± 0.7 1 8.2 ± 1 1 7.8 ± 0.8 1 |
NI | −0.6 ± 0.1 1 −0.2 ± 0.05 1 −0.9 ± 0.4 1 −0.05 ± 0.01 1 |
3.59 ± 0.66 1 3.67 ± 0.78 1 3.7 ± 1.04 1 3.92 ± 0.43 1 |
NI | −2.11 ± 0.87 1 −1.22 ± 0.34 1 −2.63 ± 0.43 1 −0.21 ± 0.05 1 |
| p 8 | ET, ST, CT: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) CT vs. CG: p < 0.001 (changes) CT vs. ST: p = 0.032 (changes) ET vs. CG: p = 0.008 (changes) ST vs. CG: p = 0.018 (changes) ET vs. ST: p < 0.05 (changes) |
ET, ST, CT: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) CT vs. CG: p < 0.001 (changes) CT vs. ST: p = 0.007 (changes) ET vs. CG: p < 0.001 (changes) ST vs. CG: p = 0.019 (changes) ET vs. ST: p < 0.05 (changes) |
ET, ST, CT: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) CT vs. CG: p < 0.001 (changes) CT vs. ST: p = 0.043 (changes) ET vs. CG: p = 0.002 (changes) ST vs. CG: p = 0.048 (changes) ET vs. ST: p < 0.05 (changes) |
ET, ST, CT: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) CT vs. CG: p < 0.001 (changes) CT vs. ST: p < 0.001 (changes) ET vs. CG: p < 0.001 (changes) ST vs. CG: p < 0.001 (changes) ET vs. ST: p < 0.05 (changes) |
||||||||||
| Venojärvi et al. [65] | 2013 | ET ST CG |
6.2 ± 0.1 17 6.1 ± 0.1 17 6.1 ± 0.1 17 |
NI | −0.0 ± 0.1 17 −0.1 ± 0.1 17 −0.2 ± 0.1 17 |
12.6 ± 1.2 17 12.9 ± 0.7 17 7.7 ± 0.7 17 |
NI | −1.7 ± 1.0 17 −0.8 ± 1.0 17 1.0 ± 0.9 17 |
5.5 ± 0.1 17 5.4 ± 0.1 17 5.4 ± 0.1 17 |
NI | 0.0 ± 0.1 17 0.1 ± 0.1 17 0.2 ± 0.1 17 |
3.5 ± 0.4 17 3.6 ± 0.5 17 2.1 ± 0.2 17 |
NI | −0.5 ± 0.3 17 −0.3 ± 0.3 17 0.3 ± 0.3 157 |
| p 8 | CG vs. ET; CG vs. ST: p = 0.002 (0.006, 0.006) 28 (pre) | CG vs. ET; CG vs. ST: p = 0.004 (0.012, 0.015) 28 (pre) | ||||||||||||
| Ho et al. [66] | 2012 | ET | 5.68 ± 0.17 1 | 5.78 ± 0.18 1,9 | NI | 13.05 ± 1.01 22 | 16.67 ± 1.48 9,22 | NI | NI | NI | NI | 1.72 ± 0.52 22 | NI | NI |
| 5.73 ± 0.10 1,21 | 15.87 ± 1.86 21,22 | |||||||||||||
| ST | 5.81 ± 0.46 1 | 5.81 ± 0.17 1,9 | 13.98 ± 1.40 22 | 16.82 ± 1.33 9,22 | 1.86 ± 0.18 22 | |||||||||
| 5.77 ± 0.16 1,21 | 14.24 ± 1.03 22 | 13.48 ± 1.24 21,22 | ||||||||||||
| CT | 5.38 ± 0.13 1 | 5.31 ± 0.10 1,9 | 17.07 ± 1.33 9,22 | 1.86 ± 0.13 22 | ||||||||||
| 5.55 ± 0.13 1,21 | 14.89 ± 2.29 22 | 14.25 ± 1.25 21,22 | ||||||||||||
| CG | 5.35 ± 0.13 1 | 5.46 ± 0.10 1,9 | 14.82 ± 1.66 9,22 | 1.92 ± 0.28 22 | ||||||||||
| 5.26 ± 0.18 1,21 | 14.76 ± 1.69 21,22 | |||||||||||||
| p 8 | ET, ST, CT: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) | |||||||||||||
| Stensvold et al. c [6] | 2012 | ET ST CG |
6.0 ± 1.1 1 6.6 ± 2.0 1 6.2 ± 2.1 1 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | −0.48 (2.11–1.81) 10,23 0.68 (7.45–2.49) 10,23 2.66 (7.03–1.96) 10,23 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| Sukala et.al. [68] | 2012 | ET ST |
10.2 ± 3.3 1 9.5 ± 3.5 1 |
10.4 ± 2.9 1 11.4 ± 4 1 |
0.2 ± 1.6 1 1.9 ± 3.2 1 |
25.54 ± 11.88 1,3 20.26 ± 14.41 1,3 |
19.41 ± 9.23 1,3 19.31 ± 14.85 1,3 |
−6.15 ± 9.47 1,3 −0.95 ± 3.46 1,3 |
8.9 ± 1.9 1 10.7 ± 2.11 |
8.8 ± 2.1 1 10.6 ± 2.4 1 |
−0.1 ± 0.6 1 −0.1 ± 1.1 1 |
3.9 ± 1.9 1 2.9 ± 2 1 |
2.9 ± 1.3 1 2.9 ± 1.9 1 |
−0.9 ± 1.6 1 0.0 ± 0.5 1 |
| p 8 | ET: p = 0.09 (pre vs. post) | |||||||||||||
| Bateman et al. b [13] | 2011 | ET ST CT |
5.35 ± 0.74 1,3 5.54 ± 0.64 1,3 5.02 ± 0.51 1,3 |
NI | −0.22 ± 9.54 1 −0.37 ± 9.22 1 1.86 ± 7.95 1 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| Jorge et al. [69] | 2011 | ET ST CT CG |
8.14 ± 2.33 1,3 10.79 ± 4.42 1,3 8.59 ± 2.35 1,3 8.27 ± 2.40 1,3 |
7.04 ± 2.00 1,3 9.23 ± 3.37 1,3 7.89± 2.04 1,3 6.94 ± 1.14 1,3 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | 7.63 ± 1.70 1
8.51 ± 2.45 1 7.6 ± 1.12 1 6.94 ± 0.74 1 |
7.42 ± 1.48 1 8.24 ± 2.13 1 7.53 ± 1.05 1 7.07 ± 0.70 1 |
NI | 2.45 ± 1.31 1 4.54 ± 3.94 1 3.14 ± 2.12 1 3.91 ± 4.42 1 |
2.24 ± 1.52 1 4.07 ± 2.90 1 2.59 ± 1.31 1 4.28 ± 5.74 1 |
NI |
| p 8 | ET, ST, CT, CG: p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) | |||||||||||||
| Slentz et al. b [15] | 2011 | ET ST CT |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | 2.37 ± 1.6 1 2.08 ± 1.1 1 2.12 ± 1.2 1 |
NI | −0.40 ± 0.8 1 −0.09 ± 1.3 1 −0.50 ± 0.9 1 |
| p 8 | ET: p = 0.004 (pre vs. post) CT: p = 0.002 (pre vs. post) |
|||||||||||||
| Gram et al. [70] | 2010 | ET | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | 7.2 ± 1.0 1 | 6.9 ± 0.214,24 | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| 7.0 ± 0.214,25 | ||||||||||||||
| CT | 7.2 ± 0.9 1 | 7.2 ± 0.214,24 | ||||||||||||
| 7.5 ± 0.314,25 | ||||||||||||||
| CT | 7.2 ± 0.9 1 | 7.9 ± 0.3 14,24 | ||||||||||||
| 7.6 ± 0.3 14,25 | ||||||||||||||
| Stensvold et al. c [22] | 2010 | ET ST CT CG |
6.0 ± 1.1 1 6.6 ± 2.0 1 6.0 ± 2.4 1 6.2 ± 2.1 1 |
5.9 ± 0.8 1 6.6 ± 1.5 1 5.6 ± 1.8 1 6.1 ± 2.3 1 |
−0.2 (−0.71–0.35) 26 0.1 (−0.5–0.6) 26 −0.4 (−1.0–0.3) 26 −0.1 (−0.68–0.43) 26 |
NI | NI | NI | 6.19 ± 0.80 1 6.44 ± 0.95 1 6.28 ± 0.78 1 6.12 ± 1.62 1 |
5.95 ± 0.66 1
6.47 ± 1.04 1 6.30 ± 0.76 1 6.24 ± 1.40 1 |
−0.25 (−0.51–0.01) 26 0.03 (−0.21–0.33) 26 0.03 (−0.28–0.33) 26 0.10 (−0.17–0.37) 26 |
40.4 ± 8.3 1,16 38.1 ± 17.4 1,16 42.7 ± 24.8 1,16 41.0 ± 12.8 1,16 |
48.4 ± 17.1 1,16 46.5 ± 24.4 1,16 44.9 ± 17.6 1,16 44.3 ± 20.4 1,16 |
8.0 (−2.7–18.8) 16,26 7.5 (−3.8–18.8) 16,26 3.0 (−9.6–15.6) 16,26 3.5 (−7.8–14.7) 16,26 |
| Ahmadizad et al. [71] | 2007 | ET ST CG |
5.21 ± 0.77 1 5.09 ± 0.65 1 NI |
5.16 ± 1.0 1 5.09 ± 0.64 1 NI |
NI | 8.54 ± 4.75 1 10.55 ± 3.57 1 NI |
5.73 ± 3.24 1 6.41 ± 3.07 1 NI |
NI | NI | NI | NI | 2.0 ± 0.7 1,10 2.4 ± 0.7 1,10 2.25 ± 0.75 1,10 |
1.7 ± 0.3 1,10 1.5 ± 0.8 1,10 2.5 ± 0.7 1,10 |
−0.7 3,5 −0.9 3,5 NI |
| p 8 | p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) | ET vs. CG, ST vs. CG: p < 0.05 (post) p < 0.05 (pre vs. post) ET vs. CG, ST vs. CG: p < 0.05 (changes) |
||||||||||||
| Hara et al. [72] | 2005 | ET CT CG |
5.3 ± 0.3 1,3 5.6 ± 0.5 1,3 5.9 ± 0.8 1,3 |
5.2 ± 0.1 1,3 5.2 ± 0.3 1,3 5.6 ± 0.5 1,3 |
NI | 16.0 ± 6.5 1 8.4 ± 2.9 1 15.0 ± 4.5 1 |
11.0 ± 4.1 1 8.0 ± 0.6 1 16.6 ± 5.9 1 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | 3.78 ± 1.62 1 2.15 ± 0.89 1 3.78 ± 0.73 1 |
2.54 ± 0.93 1 1.85 ± 0.25 1 3.92 ± 1.43 1 |
NI |
| p 8 | CG vs. CT, ET vs. CT: p < 0.05 (pre) | CG vs. CT, ET vs. CT: p < 0.05 (pre) | ||||||||||||
| Banz et al. [73] | 2003 | ET ST |
6.23 ± 1.43 1,3 8.95 ± 2.9 1,3 |
6.48 ± 1.29 1,3 8.07 ± 2.93 1,3 |
NI | 3.24 ± 0.98 3 2.92 ± 1.43 3 |
2.89 ± 1.27 3 2.97 ± 1.17 3 |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI |
| Cuff et al. [74] | 2003 | ET CT CG |
NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | NI | 6.3 ± 0.2 17 6.9 ± 0.4 17 6.9 ± 0.4 17 |
NI | −0.10 ± 0.11 22 −0.1 ± 0.22 22 −0.03 ± 0.20 22 |
NI | NI | NI |
CG—control group; CT—combined training; ET—endurance training; NI—no information; ST—strength training. 1 Mean ± standard deviation; 2 Adjusted means; 3 Units converted; 4 The study from 2021; 5 Mean; 6 The study from 2019; 7 Mean and 95% CI; 8 Only significant values were presented; 9 8 weeks; 10 Data from figure; 11 Changes (post-intervention value minus pre-intervention value); 12 Mild intensity continuous training; 13 High-intensity interval training; 14 Least square means (means adjusted for baseline) with (95% CI); 15 mU/mL; 16 %; 17 Mean ± standard error; 18 µU/dL; 19 Wrong value; 20 Data shown as log value; 21 12 weeks; 22 Means ± standard error of the mean; 23 Median and range; 24 16 weeks; 25 48 weeks; 26 Estimated margins of the mean (95% CI); 28 Bonferroni correction; a–c Studies marked with the same letters were conducted in the same population.