Table 2.

Summary of input features used for different diagnostic tasks.

AI Technique	Diagnostic Tasks	Target Problem	Input Features
ANN as CDSS	Disease Diagnosis (Classification, Segmentation, Localization)	tooth decay detection [19], vertical root fracture [20], Cervical vertebra maturation degree [21,22]	Intraoral radiographs [19,20], cephalograms [21], orthodontic scans [22]
	Risk Assessment	Bone loss assessment [23], periodontitis risk assessment [9]	Medical records [9,23]
	Treatment Planning and prognosis	Surgery type and extraction decision [24], tooth extraction therapy [25], occlusal and dental caries [26], temporomandibular joint disorders [27,28]	cephalograms [24], electronic health records [25,26,28], magnetic resonance images [27]
Machine Learning	Disease Diagnosis (Classification, Segmentation, Localization)	Plaque segmentation [29], gingivitis identification [30], alveolar bone loss [6], scoring lesions [31], occlusal caries lesions [32], maxillary structure assessment [33], sagittal skeletal patterns [34], facial attractiveness [35], temporomandibular joint disorders [36]	Oral endoscopic images [29], digital photographs [30,35], intraoral radiographs [6], occlusal images [31,32], CBCT images [33], cephalograms [34], magnetic resonance images [36]
	Treatment Planning and Prognosis	Facial and skin mould [37], teeth extraction [38], tooth prognosis [39], dental restorations [40]	Mould images [37], electronic records [38,39], panoramic images [40]
Deep Learning	Disease Diagnosis (Classification, Segmentation, Localization)	Bone loss [5,8,41,42], odontogenic cystic lesion [43], periodontal bone destruction [7,26], bone recession and interradicular radiolucency [44], alveolar bone delineation [45], bone assessment [46], periapical lesions [47,48], vertical root fracture [49], apical lesions [50], interproximal caries [51], distal root assessment [52], proximal and occlusal caries [53], dental implants [54], preserve tooth boundary [23], maxillary sinusitis lesions [42,55,56,57], temporomandibular joint disorders [58], oral cancer [59]	Periapical radiographs [7,41,44,47], panoramic radiographs [5,26,42,43,49,50,54,56,57,58], CBCT images [8,43,48,52,55], high-frequency ultrasound images [45], intraoral ultrasound images [46], bitewing radiographs [51], NILT images [53], digital photographs [23], water’s view radiographs [42], hyperspectral images [59]
	Landmark detection	Cephalometric landmarks [60,61]	cephalograms [60,61]
	Treatment Planning	Differential orthodontic diagnosis [62]	cephalograms [62]