Table 1.
Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics between Groups (N = 73).
| Characteristics | Categories | Experimental Group (n = 37) |
Control Group (n = 36) |
χ2/t/z | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n(%)/M ± SD | n(%)/M ± SD | ||||
| Age (years) | <30 | 3 (8.1) | 7 (19.5) | 1.98 | 0.371 |
| 30–34 | 20 (54.1) | 17 (47.2) | |||
| ≥35 | 14 (37.8) | 12 (33.3) | |||
| 33.54 ± 3.30 | 33.36 ± 4.47 | 0.20 | 0.845 | ||
| Education level | High school | 1 (2.7) | 2 (5.6) | 0.39 | 0.824 |
| University | 31 (83.8) | 29 (80.5) | |||
| ≥Graduate school | 5 (13.5) | 5 (13.9) | |||
| Religion | Christianity | 8 (21.6) | 5 (13.9) | 1.32 | 0.724 |
| Catholic | 2 (5.4) | 2 (5.6) | |||
| Buddhism | 10 (27.0) | 8 (22.2) | |||
| No religion | 17 (46.0) | 21 (58.3) | |||
| Job | Yes | 13 (35.1) | 9 (25.0) | 0.89 | 0.345 |
| No | 24 (64.9) | 27 (75.0) | |||
| Income (in US dollars) | <1800 | 1 (2.7) | 1 (2.8) | 1.47 | 0.833 |
| 1800–2699 | 14 (37.8) | 10 (27.8) | |||
| 2700–3599 | 10 (27.0) | 9 (25.0) | |||
| 3600–4499 | 7 (18.9) | 8 (22.2) | |||
| ≥4500 | 5 (13.6) | 8 (22.2) | |||
| Marital satisfaction | Dissatisfaction | 2 (5.4) | 1 (2.8) | 1.51 | 0.680 |
| Moderate | 12 (32.4) | 16 (44.4) | |||
| Satisfaction | 18(48.7) | 16 (44.4) | |||
| Very satisfied | 5 (13.5) | 3 (8.4) | |||
| Number of pregnancies | 1.97 ± 1.09 | 2.08 ± 1.57 | −0.17 | 0.869 ‡ | |
| Planned pregnancy | Yes | 18 (48.6) | 21 (58.3) | 0.69 | 0.407 |
| No | 19 (51.4) | 15 (41.7) | |||
| Method of feeding | Breastfeeding | 7 (18.9) | 11 (30.6) | 1.79 | 0.408 |
| Mixed breastfeeding | 11 (29.7) | 7 (19.4) | |||
| Bottle feeding | 19 (51.4) | 18 (50.0) | |||
| Childcare assistance | Yes | 33 (89.2) | 33 (91.7) | 1.000 † | |
| No | 4 (10.8) | 3 (8.3) | |||
| Neonatal health problem | Yes | 5 (13.5) | 3 (8.3) | 0.711 † | |
| No | 32 (86.5) | 33 (91.7) | |||
| Diagnosis of depression | Yes | 3 (8.1) | 3 (8.3) | 1.000 † | |
| No | 34 (91.9) | 33 (91.7) | |||
| Diagnosis of mental illness | Yes | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.8) | 0.493 † | |
| (other than depression) | No | 37 (100.0) | 35 (97.2) | ||
| Diagnosis of physical illness | Yes | 7 (18.9) | 2 (5.6) | 0.152 † | |
| No | 30 (81.1) | 34 (94.4) |
† Fisher’s exact test; ‡ Mann–Whitney U Test.