Table 2.
Frequency of 12 polymorphisms in weightlifters and controls.
| Gene | Genotype | n(%) | p-Value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Weightlifters | International | Controls | All Weightlifters vs. Controls | International vs. Controls | |||||||||
| (n = 192) | (n = 67) | (n = 416) | Dominant | Recessive | Allele | Dominant | Recessive | Allele | |||||
| ACE | DD | 40 | (21) | 12 | (18) | 49 | (12) | DD/II + ID | DD + ID/II | D/I | DD/II + ID | DD + ID/II | D/I |
| rs4341 | ID | 79 | (41) | 22 | (33) | 200 | (48) | 0.003 | 0.062 | 0.060 | 0.161 | 0.160 | 0.738 |
| II | 73 | (38) | 33 | (49) | 167 | (40) | |||||||
| ACTN3 | RR | 49 | (25) | 21 | (32) | 84 | (20) | RR + RX/XX | RR/RX + XX | R/X | RR + RX/XX | RR/RX + XX | R/X |
| rs1815739 | RX | 86 | (45) | 31 | (46) | 226 | (55) | 0.276 | 0.139 | 0.850 | 0.580 | 0.040 | 0.120 |
| XX | 57 | (30) | 15 | (22) | 106 | (25) | |||||||
| ALDH2 | GG | 99 | (51) | 34 | (51) | 232 | (56) | GG + GA/AA | GG/GA + AA | G/A | GG + GA/AA | GG/GA + AA | G/A |
| rs671 | GA | 76 | (40) | 26 | (39) | 149 | (36) | 0.332 | 0.396 | 0.390 | 0.443 | 0.390 | 0.390 |
| AA | 17 | (9) | 7 | (10) | 35 | (8) | |||||||
| CHRNB3 | AA | 127 | (66) | 47 | (70) | 323 | (77) | AA/GA + GG) | AA + GA/GG | A/G | AA/GA + GG) | AA + GA/GG | A/G |
| rs4950 | GA | 61 | (32) | 19 | (29) | 77 | (19) | 0.002 | 0.257 | 0.020 | 0.170 | 0.331 | 0.418 |
| GG | 4 | (2) | 1 | (1) | 16 | (4) | |||||||
| CKM | AA | 152 | (79) | 52 | (78) | 308 | (74) | AA/GA + GG) | AA + GA/GG | A/G | AA/GA + GG) | AA + GA/GG | A/G |
| rs8111989 | GA | 34 | (18) | 13 | (19) | 98 | (24) | 0.600 | 0.170 | 0.290 | 0.776 | 0.533 | 0.640 |
| GG | 6 | (3) | 2 | (3) | 10 | (2) | |||||||
| CNTFR | CC | 104 | (54) | 26 | (39) | 210 | (50) | CC/CT + TT | CC + CT/TT | C/T | CC/CT + TT | CC + CT/TT | C/T |
| rs41274853 | CT | 64 | (33) | 28 | (42) | 170 | (41) | 0.397 | 0.139 | 0.970 | 0.076 | 0.007 | 0.008 |
| TT | 24 | (13) | 13 | (19) | 36 | (9) | |||||||
| FTO | TT | 118 | (61) | 44 | (66) | 269 | (65) | TT/TA + AA | TT + TA/AA | T/A | TT/TA + AA | TT + TA/AA | T/A |
| rs9989609 | TA | 65 | (34) | 21 | (31) | 130 | (31) | 0.445 | 0.733 | 0.440 | 0.770 | 0.623 | 0.936 |
| AA | 9 | (5) | 2 | (3) | 17 | (4) | |||||||
| GALNTL6 | CC | 137 | (71) | 48 | (72) | 304 | (73) | CC/CT + TT | CC + CT/TT | C/T | CC/CT + TT | CC + CT/TT | C/T |
| rs558129 | CT | 49 | (26) | 17 | (25) | 101 | (24) | 0.658 | 0.738 | 0.610 | 0.806 | 0.872 | 0.780 |
| TT | 6 | (3) | 2 | (3) | 11 | (3) | |||||||
| IGF2 r | CC | 80 | (42) | 25 | (37) | 143 | (34) | CC/CT + TT | CC + CT/TT | C/T | CC/CT + TT | CC + CT/TT | C/T |
| s680 | CT | 83 | (43) | 32 | (48) | 193 | (46) | 0.217 | 0.217 | 0.050 | 0.400 | 0.400 | 0.430 |
| TT | 29 | (15) | 10 | (15) | 80 | (20) | |||||||
| MCT1 | AA | 75 | (39) | 28 | (42) | 199 | (48) | AA/TA + TT | AA/TA vs. TT | A/T | AA/TA + TT | AA/TA vs. TT | A/T |
| rs1049434 | TA | 91 | (47) | 30 | (45) | 175 | (42) | 0.043 | 0.210 | 0.035 | 0.357 | 0.409 | 0.270 |
| TT | 26 | (14) | 9 | (13) | 42 | (10) | |||||||
| PPARGC1A | AA | 35 | (18) | 13 | (19) | 79 | (19) | AA/GA + GG) | AA + GA/GG | A/G | AA/GA + GG) | AA + GA/GG | A/G |
| rs8192678 | GA | 102 | (53) | 38 | (57) | 184 | (44) | 0.823 | 0.049 | 0.220 | 0.936 | 0.039 | 0.147 |
| GG | 55 | (29) | 16 | (24) | 153 | (37) | |||||||
| TRHR | TT | 52 | (27) | 13 | (19) | 129 | (31) | TT/CT + CC | TT + CT/CC | T/C | TT/CT + CC | TT + CT/CC | T/C |
| rs7832552 | CT | 98 | (51) | 32 | (48) | 175 | (42) | 0.325 | 0.183 | 0.850 | 0.053 | 0.310 | 0.059 |
| CC | 42 | (22) | 22 | (33) | 112 | (27) | |||||||
Full names of the genes are: ACE: angiotensin I-converting enzyme; ACTN3: α-actinin-3; ALDH2: mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2; CHRNB3: cholinergic receptor, nicotinic, β 3; CKM: Muscle-Specific Creatine Kinase; CNTFR: cilliary neurotrophic factor receptor; FTO: fat mass and obesity-associated gene; GALNTL6: N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-like 6 gene; IGF2: insulin-like growth factor2; MCT1: monocarboxylate transporter 1 gene; PPARGC1A: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α; and TRHR: thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor. The ACE I/D polymorphism (rs4340) was determined using the rs4341 polymorphism, which is in perfect LD with the ACE I/D polymorphism (rs4340). PWM: power-oriented whole model; WRM: weightlifting-related model.