Table 4.
Determinants of heart failure diagnosis—clinical signs.
| Attribute | RRR | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| <60 | Ref | ||
| 60–69 | 1.88 | 1.05–3.34 | 0.03 |
| >70 | 1.07 | 0. 64–1.78 | 0.77 |
| Smoker status | |||
| Non-smoker | Ref | ||
| Former | 0.85 | 0.45–1.61 | 0.63 |
| Current | 1.13 | 0.68–1.87 | 0.62 |
| Other | |||
| Pain of discomfort in the chest | Ref | ||
| Palpitations | 1.27 | 0.77–2.07 | 0.33 |
| Visible jugular veins in the neck area | 0.72 | 0.41–1.24 | 0.24 |
| Family history of cardiovascular problems | |||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.89 | 0.58–1.39 | 0.63 |
| Comorbidities (i.e., diabetes, hypertension) | |||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.77 | 0.50–1.19 | 0.24 |
| Body Mass Index | |||
| Underweight | Ref | ||
| Normal | 0.77 | 0.41–1.45 | 0.43 |
| Overweight | 0.74 | 0.39–1.38 | 0.34 |
| Obese | 0.67 | 0.37–1.22 | 0.19 |
| Dyspnea | |||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.68 | 0.44–1.05 | 0.08 |
| Reduced tolerance to physical effort | |||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.71 | 0.45–1.10 | 0.13 |
| Persistent coughing or wheezing | |||
| Possible | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.71 | 0.46–1.11 | 0.13 |
| Lack of appetite or nausea | |||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.99 | 0.64–1.54 | 0.99 |
| Confusion | |||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.85 | 0.55–1.31 | 0.47 |
| Edema | |||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.23 | 0.15–0.36 | <0.001 |
| Increased heart rate | |||
| Decreased | Ref | ||
| Stable | 1.93 | 1.05–3.55 | 0.03 |
| Increased | 0.75 | 0.44–1.29 | 0.31 |
| Orthopnea | |||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.31 | 0.20–0.48 | <0.001 |
| Unusual fatigue | |||
| No | Ref | ||
| Yes | 0.61 | 0.39–0.94 | 0.02 |
Abbreviations: RRR, relative risk ratio.