Table 2.
Baseline socio-demographics and lifestyle characteristics of study subjects (ITT analysis).
| MIND Group (n = 23) |
MIND-FB Group (n = 25) |
Control Group (n = 24) |
p Value across All Groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age Group | 0.041 | ||||
| <65 years | 9 (39.1) | 14 (56.0) | 5 (20.8) | ||
| 65 years or above | 14 (60.9) | 11 (44.0) | 19 (79.2) | ||
| Gender | 0.636 | ||||
| Female | 19 (82.6) | 19 (76.0) | 17 (70.8) | ||
| Male | 4 (17.4) | 6 (24.0) | 7 (29.2) | ||
| Educational level | 0.103 | ||||
| Primary or below | 8 (34.8) | 3 (12.0) | 12 (50.0) | ||
| Secondary | 10 (43.5) | 14 (56.0) | 10 (41.7) | ||
| Associate degree | 1 (4.3) | 3 (12.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Bachelor’s degree | 1 (4.3) | 3 (12.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Master’s degree | 3 (13.0) | 2 (8.0) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Doctorate degree/PhD degree | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Current employment | 0.676 | ||||
| Employed Full time | 3 (13.0) | 5 (20.0) | 5 (20.8) | ||
| Employed Part time | 2 (8.7) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Homemaker | 5 (21.7) | 6 (24.0) | 3 (12.5) | ||
| Retired | 13 (56.5) | 13 (52.0) | 16 (66.7) | ||
| Marital Status | 0.559 | ||||
| Married | 15 (65.2) | 15 (60.0) | 12 (50.0) | ||
| Single/Divorced/Separated/Widow | 8 (34.8) | 10 (40.0) | 12 (50.0) | ||
| Frequency for exercise | 0.266 | ||||
| 1 to 2 times a week | 10 (43.5) | 14 (56.0) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| 3 to 4 times a week | 6 (26.1) | 5 (20.0) | 6 (25.0) | ||
| 5 to 6 times a week | 6 (26.1) | 3 (12.0) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| Never | 1 (4.3) | 3 (12.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Times for exercise per session | 0.184 | ||||
| >40 min | 10 (43.5) | 5 (20.0) | 8 (33.3) | ||
| 30–40 min | 3 (13.0) | 9 (36.0) | 3 (12.5) | ||
| 20–30 min | 3 (13.0) | 3 (12.0) | 8 (33.3) | ||
| 10–20 min | 3 (13.0) | 2 (8.0) | 3 (12.5) | ||
| <10 min | 3 (13.0) | 3 (12.0) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| Never | 1 (4.3) | 3 (12.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Smoking Habit | 0.357 | ||||
| Smoke 1–10 cigarettes a day | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Never | 21 (91.3) | 25 (34.7) | 24 (33.3) | ||
| Drinking Habit | 0.280 | ||||
| More than fourteen times a week | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Five to seven times a week | 0 (0) | 1 (4.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Once or twice a week | 1 (4.3) | 3 (12.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Ex-drinker | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Never | 20 (87.0) | 21 (84.0) | 24 (100) | ||
| Relaxation practice | 0.329 | ||||
| Yoga | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Tai chi or qigong | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Stretching exercise | 4 (17.4) | 5 (20.0) | 5 (20.8) | ||
| Spend time in nature | 3 (13.0) | 5 (20.0) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Slow deep breathing | 3 (13.0) | 7 (28.0) | 4 (5.6) | ||
| Mindfulness meditation | 1 (4.3) | 1 (4.0) | 2 (8.3) | ||
| Listen to music | 6 (26.1) | 5 (20.0) | 3 (12.5) | ||
| Never | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| Others | 3 (13.0) | 2 (8.0) | 4 (16.7) | ||
| History of Hypertension | 0.556 | ||||
| Hypertension with medication | 14 (60.9) | 13 (52.0) | 14 (58.3) | ||
| Hypertension without medication | 0 (0) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| Pre-hypertension | 9 (39.1) | 9 (36.0) | 9 (37.5) | ||
| Unknown Hypertension | 0 (0) | 2 (8.0) | 0 (0) | ||
| No. of antihypertensive drugs taken | 0.661 | ||||
| 0 | 9 (39.1) | 13 (52.0) | 10 (41.7) | ||
| 1 | 8 (34.8) | 9 (36.0) | 8 (33.3) | ||
| 2 | 4 (17.4) | 1 (4.0) | 5 (20.8) | ||
| 3 | 1 (4.3) | 2 (8.0) | 1 (4.2) | ||
| 4 | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
Data are presented as number (%). p-value was calculated by Pearson Chi-Square test; MIND group = The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet group; MIND-FB group = The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet plus forest bathing group; ITT: intention to treat analysis.