Table 4.
Changes in Adiposity, Blood pressure and Cardiovascular Risk factors, Mood state, Anxiety level and MIND diet pattern (ITT analysis).
| Variable | Mean Changes from Baseline to 4 Weeks after Intervention (95% CI) | p Value across All Groups | Effect Size | MIND vs. Control | MIND-FB vs. Control | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIND Group (n = 23) |
p Value # | MIND-FB Group (n = 25) |
p Value # | Control Group (n = 24) |
p Value # | Mean (95% CI) between Group Difference |
p Value * | Mean (95% CI) between Group Difference |
p Value * | |||
| Adiposity | ||||||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.04 (−0.05 to 0.13) | 0.347 | −0.18 (0.18 to 4.93) | 0.065 | 0.05 (−0.24 to 0.14) | 0.604 | 0.552 | 0.02 | −0.86 (−3.13 to 1.41) | 0.639 | −0.91 (−3.14 to 1.31) | 0.588 |
| Waist to hip ratio | −0.01 (−0.00 to 0.37) | 0.156 | 0.00 (−0.00 to 0.00) | 0.856 | −0.01 (−0.00 to 0.02) | 0.070 | 0.019 | 0.08 | −0.03 (−0.06 to−0.00) | 0.050 | −0.03 (−0.07 to −0.00) | 0.029 |
| Body fat (%) | −0.07 (−0.53 to 0.69) | 0.795 | −0.69 (−0.11 to 1.50) | 0.091 | −0.48 (−1.39 to 2.35) | 0.599 | 0.394 | 0.02 | −2.03 (−6.52 to 2.33) | 0.498 | −2.20 (−6.58 to 2.09) | 0.433 |
| Blood pressure | ||||||||||||
| SBP (mmHg) | −1.93 (−2.97 to 6.85) | 0.422 | −3.18 (−2.33 to 8.69) | 0.246 | 0.66 (−4.43 to 3.10) | 0.718 | 0.436 | 0.03 | −5.30 (−15.20 to 4.50) | 0.402 | −2.70 (−12.4 to 6.90) | 0.773 |
| DBP (mmHg) | −1.26 (−1.98 to 4.50) | 0.429 | −2.56 (0.18 to 4.93) | 0.036 | −0.27 (−1.89 to 2.44) | 0.798 | 0.018 | 0.08 | 4.40 (−1.61 to 10.50) | 0.192 | 7.1 (1.24 to 13.10) | 0.014 |
| Cardiovascular risk factor | ||||||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.60 (0.36 to 0.84) | 0.000 | −0.85 (0.37 to 1.34) | 0.001 | −0.57 (0.23 to 0.91) | 0.002 | 0.348 | 0.01 | −0.12 (−0.99 to 0.74) | 0.934 | 0.37 (−0.47 to 1.22) | 0.545 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.33 (0.07 to 0.59) | 0.015 | −0.58 (0.17 to 1.00) | 0.008 | −0.28 (0.03 to 0.52) | 0.026 | 0.805 | 0.01 | −0.04 (−0.74 to 0.83) | 0.990 | 0.39 (−0.03 to 1.16) | 0.442 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | −0.23 (0.09 to 0.38) | 0.002 | −0.14 (0.04 to 0.23) | 0.005 | −0.18 (0.08 to 0.29) | 0.001 | 0.409 | 0.00 | −0.34 (−0.33 to 0.26) | 0.959 | −0.07 (−0.36 to 0.21) | 0.789 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | −0.30 (−0.05 to 0.65) | 0.089 | −0.28 (0.02 to 0.53) | 0.036 | −0.26 (−0.07 to 0.60) | 0.116 | 0.519 | 0.02 | −2.36 (−0.99 to 0.51) | 0.735 | 0.11 (−0.62 to 0.85) | 0.923 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | −0.68 (0.02 to 1.33) | 0.042 | −0.22 (−0.45 to 0.67) | 0.507 | −0.50 (−0.41 to 1.41) | 0.269 | 0.134 | 0.09 | −0.51 (−1.23 to 0.19) | 0.199 | 0.01 (−0.68 to 0.71) | 0.998 |
| Mood states | ||||||||||||
| POMS total | −1.30 (−3.65 to 6.26) | 0.591 | −6.5 (1.03 to 12.08) | 0.022 | 0.12 (−4.45 to 4.20) | 0.953 | 0.164 | 0.09 | −5.41 (−8.03 to 6.47) | 0.188 | −4.63 (−11.8 to 2.54) | 0.276 |
| Tension-anxiety | 0.04 (−1.22 to 1.14) | 0.940 | −2.20 (0.41 to 3.98) | 0.018 | −0.37 (−0.86 to 1.61) | 0.537 | 0.265 | 0.03 | −1.24 (−3.13 to 0.64) | 0.262 | −0.30 (−2.14 to 1.55) | 0.922 |
| Depression-dejection | 0.17 (−1.24 to 0.89) | 0.740 | −1.36 (−0.23 to 2.95) | 0.092 | −0.12 (−1.21 to 1.46) | 0.849 | 0.194 | 0.06 | −1.34 (−3.20 to 0.51) | 0.200 | −1.05 (−2.86 to 0.77) | 0.357 |
| Fatigue-inertia | −0.91 (−0.39 to 2.22) | 0.162 | −1.48 (0.33 to 2.62) | 0.013 | −0.25 (−0.73 to 1.23) | 0.604 | 0.561 | 0.04 | −0.82 (−3.03 to 1.40) | 0.655 | −0.89 (−3.06 to 1.28) | 0.591 |
| Anger-hostility | −0.26 (−0.85 to 1.37) | 0.633 | −1.24 (0.06 to 2.41) | 0.039 | 1.08 (−2.53 to 0.36) | 0.135 | 0.499 | 0.07 | −0.75 (−2.28 to 0.77) | 0.468 | −0.41 (−1.90 to 1.09) | 0.792 |
| Confusion-bewilderment | −0.52 (−0.61 to 1.65) | 0.351 | −1.28 (0.48 to 2.07) | 0.003 | −0.45 (−0.17 to 10.90) | 0.149 | 0.150 | 0.08 | −0.14 (−1.75 to 1.46) | 0.975 | −1.19 (−2.76 to 0.39) | 0.174 |
| Vigor-activity | −0.17 (−1.10 to 1.45) | 0.781 | 0.64 (−1.94 to 0.66) | 0.321 | 0.16 (−1.16 to 0.82) | 0.732 | 0.665 | 0.01 | −0.89 (−3.30 to 1.51) | 0.648 | −0.58 (−2.93 to 1.78) | 0.827 |
| Anxiety level | ||||||||||||
| STAI-S (score) | −1.70 (−0.72 to 4.29) | 0.155 | −5.28 (2.42 to 8.13 | 0.001 | 2.29 (−5.32 to 0.74) | 0.132 | 0.299 | 0.08 | 1.90 (−3.27 to 7.07) | 0.655 | −1.45 (−6.51 to 3.62) | 0.773 |
| STAI-T (score) | −0.78 (−2.73 to 4.31) | 0.132 | −4.28 (0.49 to 8.06) | 0.028 | −0.75 (−1.28 to 2.78) | 0.454 | 0.605 | 0.02 | −2.27 (−7.69 to 3.15) | 0.577 | −0.97 (−6.28 to 4.34) | 0.900 |
# p < 0.05 for change during the study determined by paired t-test. * p-value were compared with one-way repeated ANOVA using Tukey HSD; BMI = body mass index; MIND group = The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay diet group; MIND-FB group = The Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet plus forest bathing group; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; HSD = honest significant difference; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; ITT = intention-to-treat analysis; SBP = systolic blood pressure; STAI-S = State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-State; STAI-T = State and Trait Anxiety Inventory-Trait; POMS = The Profile of Mood States; Effect size is calculated by r2 coefficient of determination.