Table 1.

Characteristics of individual studies.

Study	Population	Study Design	AVN Sites	Mean Age in AVN Cases	Male % in AVN Cases	Corticosteroid Use in AVN Cases	NOS
Yang SY, 2020 [31]	Primary and secondary femoral head AVN vs. extremity factures	Retrospective, case-control	Femoral head	57	52%		6
Gokcen N, 2021 [32]	Takayasu arteritis	Retrospective cross sectional	Femoral head	38	100%	Mean duration of corticosteroid use of 7.5 years	6
Lai SW, 2019 [33]	General population (diabetes vs. non-diabetes)	Retrospective cohort study	Femoral head	-	-	-	9
Felten R, 2018 [34]	Kidney transplant recipient	Retrospective cohort study	Femoral head (15); femoral condyle (2); and ankle (1)	55	22%	Median total dose of prednisolone 3 month after transplant was 2594 mg	8
Tse SM, 2017 [35]	Systemic lupus erythematosus	Retrospective cohort study	Hip (82%); femoral condyle (9%); and humeral head (5%)	34	13%	All used corticosteroids	8
Lim SJ, 2020 [36]	Primary brain tumors after surgery	Retrospective cohort study	Femoral head	36	50%	All used corticosteroids	9

NOS, Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.