Table 3.
TR Descriptors, approach, and technology.
| Study | FITT Descriptors | TR Approach | Technology | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model * | Monitoring/Assessment | Decision | Feedback | |||
| Ref. [36] | Frequency: 10–20 sessions/W × 12 W Intensity: - Time: 25–30 min Type: I, M (educational + Banduanjin exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Online | Platform: WeChat Device: mobile phone + PC Digital content |
| Ref. [26] | Frequency: 2–5 sessions/W × 6 W Intensity: increment of session length every W Time: - Type: I, M (educational + aerobic exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Online | Platform: My COPD Digital content |
| Ref. [37] | Frequency: 3–5 sessions/W × 8 W Intensity: - Time: - Type: I, U (aerobic/anaerobic exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Online | Platform: Virtual Autonomous Physiotherapist Agent platform Device: tablet/pc + pulsometer + biometric sensor Digital content |
| Ref. [34] | Frequency: 12 W Intensity: - Time: - Type: I, U (aerobic exercise training) |
S | Y | Y | Offline | Platform: Fitbug Air coaching platform Device: step counter Digital content |
| Ref. [38] | Frequency: 3 sessions/W × 8 W Intensity: - Time: 120 min Type: I, M (educational + aerobic/breathing/weightlifting exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Online | Platform: TelePR platform Device: mobile phone + pulsometer Digital content |
| Ref. [40] | Frequency: 3 sessions/W × 10 W Intensity: Borg (score 4–7) + 40–80% of one repetition maximum (8–25 repetitions) Time: 35 min Type: G, M (educational + endurance exercise training) |
S | Y | Y | Online | Device: videoconference system + touchscreen |
| Ref. [32] | Frequency: 2 sessions/W × 8 W Intensity: - Time: 30 min Type: I, M (Motivational + aerobic/strength/endurance exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Online | Device: pedometer + telephone |
| Ref. [25] | Frequency: 12 W Intensity: heart rate + conscious exertion score Time: 25–30 min Type: I, M (educational+ inspiratory muscles exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Online | Platform: Pulmonary Internet Explorer Rehabilitation platform + WeChat account Device: mobile phones + PC Digital content |
| Ref. [24] | Frequency: 7 sessions/W × 52 W Intensity: 30–40% maximal inspiratory muscle forces Time: - Type: I, M (educational+ aerobic/inspiratory muscles exercise training) |
A | N | N | Offline | Device: pedometer fitted with actigraph |
| Ref. [27] | Frequency: 5 sessions/W × 8 W Intensity: Borg Time: 30 min Type: I, M (self-management + endurance exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Online | Device: pedometer + mobile phones |
| Ref. [28] | Frequency: 21 sessions/W × 8 W Intensity: 40–50% Pi max Time: - Type: I, U (inspiratory muscles exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | No | Device: POWERbreathe KH2 |
| Ref. [39] | Frequency: 2 sessions/W × 8 W Intensity: - Time: - Type: I, U (exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Offline | Platform: WeChat platform Device: mobile phones Digital content |
| Ref. [31] | Frequency: 16 W Intensity: - Time: - Type: I, U (inspiratory muscles exercise training) |
A | Y | N | Offline | Platform: Dyspnea breathing program website Digital content |
| Ref. [22] | Frequency: 3 sessions/W × 12 W Intensity: 60–80% of maximal heart rate on 6 MWT Time: - Type: I, U (aerobic/strength exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Offline | Device: Heart monitor |
| Ref. [41] | Frequency: 1 session/W × 24 W Intensity: - Time: 60 min Type: G, M (educational + aerobic/stretching exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Online | Platform: self-management program Device: pedometer + smartphone Digital content |
| Ref. [29] | Frequency: 3 sessions/W × 8 W Intensity: Borg + no more than 10 repetitions for endurance exercises Time: 65 min Type: I, M (self-management + aerobic/endurance exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Online | Digital content |
| Ref. [23] | Frequency: 14 sessions/W × 12 W Intensity: Borg Time: - Type: I, U (inspiratory muscles exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Online | Device: mechanical threshold leadings breathing trainer + web-based SurveyXactn software |
| Ref. [33] | Frequency: 3 sessions/W × 8 W Intensity: Borg Time: 60 min Type: I, U (aerobic/strength exercise training) |
S | Y | Y | Online | Device: PC with in-built camera + lower limb cycle ergometer + finger-tip pulse oximeter + real-time videoconferencing system |
| Ref. [8] | Frequency: 5 sessions/W × 52 W Intensity: - Time: 60 min Type: I, M (psychological support + self-management + breathing exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Online | Platform: TELECARE platform Device: multimodal apparatus wireless fitted with Bluetooth technology + tablet |
| Ref. [21] | Frequency: 7 sessions/W × 26 W Intensity: set by the website Time: - Type: I, U (aerobic exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Offline | Platform: website Device: embedded accelerometer in the smartphone |
| Ref. [35] | Frequency: - Intensity: - Time: - Type: I, M (educational + self-management + inspiratory muscles exercise training) |
A | Y | N | Online | Platform: web platform Digital content |
| Ref. [30] | Frequency: 7 sessions/W × 8 W Intensity: set by the website Time: 50 min Type: I, U (aerobic exercise training) |
A | Y | Y | Offline | Device: threshold inspiratory trainer + threshold expiratory trainer with monitoring device |
Legend: d, day; FITT, intervention frequency intensity time and type; G, group sessions; I, individual sessions; W, week; N, No; Y, Yes; U, unimodal; M, multimodal; T, time; F, frequency; I, intensity. * The model of TR refers only to the physical component of rehabilitation.