Table 3.

ROBINS-I–The Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions assessment tool.

	Pre-Intervention		At Intervention	Post-Intervention
	Confounding	Selection of Participants	Classification of the Intervention	Intended Interventions		Missing Outcome Data	Measurement of the Outcome	Selection of the Reported Result
Study				Effect of Assignment to Intervention	Effect of Starting and Adhering to Intervention
Wan, 2017 [57]	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Serious risk	Serious risk	Serious risk	Low risk
Chao et al., 2022 [60]	Moderate risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	Low risk
Gallagher-Ford et al., 2020 [50]	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	Moderate risk	Serious risk	Low risk	Serious risk	Low risk
Hart et al., 2008 [51]	Serious risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	Moderate risk	Serious risk	Low risk	Serious risk	Low risk
Hsieh et al., 2020 [52]	Serious risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	Moderate risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	Low risk
Mena-Tudela et al., 2018 [53]	Serious risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	Moderate risk	Serious risk	Low risk	Serious risk	Low risk
Moore et al., 2017 [54]	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	Moderate risk	Low risk
Moore et al., 2018 [55]	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Low risk	Serious risk	Serious risk	Serious risk	Low risk
Underhill et al., 2015 [56]	Moderate risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	Serious risk	Serious risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	Low risk
Waltz et al., 2022 [61]	Serious risk	Low risk	Moderate risk	Serious risk	Serious risk	Moderate risk	Moderate risk	Low risk