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. 2022 Oct 10;100(12):1673–1689. doi: 10.1007/s00109-022-02254-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Events causing alcohol-induced anemia. There are several alcohol-induced events that can lead to anemia, for example, alcohol-induced nutritional deficiencies (e.g., B12 and B9 deficiencies) and impaired erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. Also, alcohol directly exerts toxic effects and reduces the number of RBC precursors in the bone marrow. Chronic alcohol consumption can produce defective RBCs that are swiftly destroyed via hemolysis. Moreover, loss of liver functionality can decrease serum transferrin levels leading to inefficient iron delivery to developing RBCs. Gastrointestinal bleeding in advanced ALD leads to direct loss of RBCs resulting in anemia. The figure was created with BioRender.com