Table 2.
The causal mediation analysis on the associations of maternal GWG exceeding the IOM recommendations with childhood cardiovascular risk factors z-score through the newborn anthropometrics z-score
| Direct effect: β (95% CI) | Indirect effect: β (95% CI) | Total effect: β (95% CI) | Proportion mediated (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Childhood anthropometrics | ||||
| Birth weight as mediator | ||||
| Body weight | 0.31 (0.17 to 0.45) § | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.08) § | 0.35 (0.21 to 0.50) § | 0.12 (0.05 to 0.25) § |
| BMI percentile | 0.30 (0.16 to 0.44) § | 0.03 (0.008 to 0.06) ⁑ | 0.33 (0.19 to 0.47) § | 0.10 (0.02 to 0.21) ⁑ |
| SSF | 0.23 (0.09 to 0.38) § | −0.009 (−0.03 to 0.02) | 0.23 (0.08 to 0.37) ‡ | −0.04 (−0.22 to 0.08) |
| Newborn PI as mediator | ||||
| Body weight | 0.33 (0.19 to 0.47) § | 0.005 (−0.01 to 0.02) | 0.34 (0.21 to 0.48) § | 0.02 (−0.03 to 0.07) |
| BMI percentile | 0.29 (0.14 to 0.43) § | 0.02 (0.004 to 0.05) * | 0.31 (0.16 to 0.46) § | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.18) * |
| SSF | 0.22 (0.08 to 0.38) * | 6.8×10−4 (−0.02 to 0.02) | 0.22 (0.08 to 0.38) * | 0.003 (−0.09 to 0.14) |
| Newborn SSF as mediator | ||||
| Body weight | 0.34 (0.21 to 0.49) § | −0.002 (−0.02 to 0.02) | 0.34 (0.20 to 0.49) § | −0.006 (−0.07 to 0.05) |
| BMI percentile | 0.30 (0.16 to 0.45) § | 0.009 (−0.008 to 0.03) | 0.31 (0.17 to 0.46) § | 0.03 (−0.03 to 0.11) |
| SSF | 0.21 (0.06 to 0.38) ‡ | 0.02 (0.001 to 0.04) * | 0.23 (0.08 to 0.39) ‡ | 0.08 (0.005 to 0.29) * |
| Childhood blood pressure | ||||
| Birth weight as mediator | ||||
| SBP percentile | 0.20 (0.04 to 0.35) ⁑ | −0.04 (−0.08 to −0.01) § | 0.16 (0.01 to 0.30) * | −0.27 (−1.6 to −0.04) * |
| DBP percentile | 0.25 (0.11 to 0.39) ‡ | −0.02 (−0.05 to 0.009) | 0.23 (0.10 to 0.37) ‡ | −0.07 (−0.26 to 0.04) |
| Newborn PI as mediator | ||||
| SBP percentile | − | − | 0.14 (−0.01 to 0.30) | − |
| DBP percentile | 0.27 (0.13 to 0.42) § | −0.03 (−0.05 to −0.005) ‡ | 0.25 (0.10 to 0.40) ‡ | −0.10 (−0.29 to −0.02) ⁑ |
| Newborn SSF as mediator | ||||
| SBP percentile | − | − | 0.15 (−0.005 to 0.30) | − |
| DBP percentile | 0.23 (0.08 to 0.38) ‡ | 0.02 (0.004 to 0.05) * | 0.26 (0.12 to 0.40) § | 0.10 (0.01 to 0.28) * |
The mediation model was adjusted for gestational age, paternal BMI maternal age, parity, gestational hypertension/preeclampsia, smoking and glycemic status in pregnancy; child’s sex, age and exercise level.
−
, total effect was insignificant (p >0.05).
GWG, gestational weight gain; IOM, Institute of Medicine; PI, Ponderal index; SSF, sum of skinfolds; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BCF, beta-cell function; IGI, insulinogenic index; ISI, insulin sensitivity index.
*
P < 0.05;
⁑
P<0.01;
‡
P<0.005;
§
P<0.001.