RAL2-CD40-LNP-mediated mRNA delivery in vitro. A) RAL2-LNPs-mediated CD40 mRNA delivery in JAWS II cells. B) Size and PDI of RAL2-LNPs carrying CD40 mRNAs prepared by microfluidic device. C) Encapsulation efficiency and zeta potential of RAL2-LNPs carrying CD40 mRNAs. D) Cryo-TEM image of RAL2 CD40-LNPs (scale bar = 50 nm). E) Cellular uptake of RAL2-LNPs encapsulating Alexa-Fluor-647-labeled RNAs in the presence of endocytosis inhibitors, EIPA, CPZ, and MβCD. F) Confocal images of JAWS II cells incubated with calcein alone or with RAL2-LNPs (scale bar = 25 μm). Data in (A), (B), and (E) are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 3). Statistical significance in (A) and (E) was analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. ****p < 0.0001.