Delivery of CD40 mRNA by RAL2-LNPs mediates DC maturation and cytokine production in BMDCs ex vivo. A) RAL2 and RAL2-CD40 LNPs induced CD40 expression in BMDCs. B) Expression of DC activation markers, CD80, CD86, and MHC II on BMDCs treated with PBS, anti-CD40 Abs, RAL2 CD40-LNPs, or RAL2 CD40-LNPs + anti-CD40 Abs. C) Cytokine production of TNF-α and IL-1β from BMDCs ex vivo. Data in (A), (B), and (C) are presented as the mean ± S.D. (n = 3). Statistical significance in (A), (B), and (C) was analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s multiple comparison test. ns, not significant; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; and ****p < 0.0001; ns, not significant.