TABLE 1.

Different intervention scenarios and their parameter values used in scenario simulation (Parameter values were obtained from Chinese census data, Epidemiological data, Da Qing Diabetes Prevention study, and several studies on health economics, China, and other countries. 1980–2019).

	No intervention	Lifestyle	Metformin	Acarbose	Voglibose
DM model (model 1)
Diagnosed prediabetes to diabetes	0.113 (1y) [10]	0.57 (0.41–0.81) [10]	0.69 (0.57–0.83) [37]	0.75 (0.63–0.90) [38]	0.60 (0.43–0.82) [16]
Undiagnosed prediabetes to diabetes	0.083 (1y) [7,10]	0.57 (0.41–0.81) [10]	0.69 (0.57–0.83) [37]	0.75 (0.63–0.90) [38]	0.60 (0.43–0.82) [16]
Undiagnosed prediabetes to normoglycemic population	0.322 (6y) [32]	—	—	1.14 (0.97–1.32) [38]	1.54 (1.36–1.75) [16]
Diagnosed prediabetes to normoglycemic population	0.322 (6y) [32]	—	—	1.14 (0.97–1.32) [38]	1.54 (1.36–1.75) [16]
Death rate	0.0170 [10]	0.0143 [11]	0.93 (0.88–0.99) [37]	—	—
DM combined CVD model (model 2)
Prediabetes to diabetes with CVD rate	0.0259 [32]	0.48 (0.40–0.59) [34]	0.76 (0.66–0.87) [14]	0.66 (0.64–0.68) [15]	1.24 (0.82–1.86) [36]
Diabetes without CVD to CVD rate	0.0391 [32]	0.48 (0.40–0.59) [34]	0.76 (0.66–0.87) [14]	0.66 (0.64–0.68) [15]	1.24 (0.82–1.86) [36]
Cost (US$, per patient per year)
Cost for screening	3 [33]	3 [33]	3 [33]	3 [33]	3 [33]
Onset of diabetes	897 [35]	897 [35]	897 [35]	897 [35]	897 [35]
CVD treatment	2078 [35]	2078 [35]	2078 [35]	2078 [35]	2078 [35]
Lifestyle therapy (Diet and exercise)	—	371 [33]	—	—	—
Metformin therapy	—	—	163 [37]	—	—
Acarbose therapy	—	—	—	185 [38]	—
Voglibose therapy	—	-	—	—	242 [16]

In models 1 and 2, data are presented as incidence rate per year or RR with a confidence interval. RR, risk ratio; CVD, cardiovascular disease. The prices of metformin, acarbose, and voglibose were collected from the YAOZHI database (https://db.yaozh.com) based on clinical trials.