Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants.
| Variables | Total | RC Quartiles, mmol/L | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (< 0.41) | (0.41–0.56) | (0.56–0.74) | (≥0.74) | |||
| N | 8,028 | 2,006 | 2,005 | 1,988 | 2,029 | |
| Male, n (%) | 2,938 (36.60) | 638 (31.80) | 726 (36.21) | 714 (35.92) | 860 (42.39) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | 56.57 ± 9.04 | 55.81 ± 9.34 | 56.87 ± 9.51 | 57.17 ± 8.73 | 56.44 ± 8.49 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.93 ± 3.42 | 24.49 ± 3.18 | 25.74 ± 3.39 | 26.52 ± 3.42 | 26.99 ± 3.16 | <0.001 |
| baPWV, cm/s | 1646.85 ± 374.11 | 1566.06 ± 373.14 | 1629.54 ± 355.96 | 1679.02 ± 380.17 | 1712.30 ± 370.73 | <0.001 |
| RC, mmol/L | 0.56 (0.41–0.74) | 0.32 (0.25–0.36) | 0.48 (0.44–0.52) | 0.63 (0.59–0.68) | 0.91 (0.81–1.10) | <0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 5.35 ± 0.98 | 4.75 ± 0.76 | 5.14 ± 0.82 | 5.52 ± 0.84 | 5.97 ± 1.04 | <0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.28 (0.91–1.83) | 0.80 (0.65–0.99) | 1.13 (0.91–1.34) | 1.49 (1.20–1.80) | 2.36 (1.82–3.09) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.44 ± 0.38 | 1.71 ± 0.38 | 1.49 ± 0.34 | 1.37 ± 0.31 | 1.20 ± 0.28 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.28 ± 0.82 | 2.74 ± 0.61 | 3.17 ± 0.65 | 3.51 ± 0.69 | 3.70 ± 0.95 | <0.001 |
| Non-HDL-C, mmol/L | 3.90 ± 0.98 | 3.04 ± 0.64 | 3.65 ± 0.66 | 4.15 ± 0.70 | 4.77 ± 0.94 | <0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 94.96 ± 13.01 | 96.94 ± 12.21 | 94.90 ± 13.08 | 94.11 ± 13.11 | 93.90 ± 13.38 | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 1,574 (19.61) | 264 (13.16) | 350 (17.46) | 385 (19.37) | 575 (28.34) | <0.001 |
| Drinking, n (%) | 1,921 (23.94) | 414 (20.65) | 463 (23.09) | 478 (24.06) | 566 (27.91) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3,693 (46.00) | 741 (36.94) | 899 (44.84) | 961 (48.34) | 1,092 (53.82) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 1,864 (23.22) | 335 (16.70) | 401 (20.00) | 486 (24.45) | 642 (31.64) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported MI, n (%) | 70 (0.87) | 8 (0.40) | 15 (0.75) | 23 (1.16) | 24 (1.18) | <0.001 |
| Self-reported Stroke, n (%) | 272 (3.39) | 58 (2.89) | 87 (4.34) | 69 (3.47) | 58 (2.86) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range) or mean ± standard deviation, and dichotomous variables are presented as frequency (percentage).
Q, quartile; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; MI, myocardial infarction; baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RC, remnant cholesterol.