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. 2022 Nov 24;12:20244. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24496-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Association of R. gnavus with non-moyamoya intracranial large artery disease (ICAD). (a) The volcano plot showed R. gnavus was one of the top ranked microbes that was abundant in patients with ICAD as compared with controls. (b) Relative abundance of R. gnavus was significantly associated with ICAD (P = 0.046). Bars and whiskers indicate means and standard deviations. (c,d) When combining patients with MMD and those with ICAD, the volcano plot shows that the relative abundance of R. gnavus was significantly higher in patients than controls, and the p value was close to the Bonferroni corrected threshold (fine dotted line). Decreased abundance of R. inulinivorans and CZBV_s was observed not only in MMD (Fig. 3a) but also in ICAD (a) or in cerebrovascular disease (MMD + ICAD) (c).