Table 3.

Univariate and multivariable analysis to test the association of the high relative abundance of R. gnavus > 0.003 with MMD as compare to the control.

Univariate analysis
	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P
R. gnavus	9.62 (2.23–41.46)	0.0024
Age	0.95 (0.91–0.98)	0.0055
Sex	7.00 (1.72–28.54)	0.0070
Antibiotic use	6.04 (1.14–32.04)	0.035

Multivariable analysis
Model 1	Odds ratio (95% CI)	P
R. gnavus	27.32 (2.00–337.14)	0.013
Age	0.94 (0.88–0.99)	0.048
Sex	21.43 (1.80–256.55)	0.016

Model 2	OR (95% CI)	P
R. gnavus	16.76 (2.73–102.84)	0.0023
Antibiotic use	12.29 (1.52-99.22)	0.019

In multivariable analysis, association of the relative abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus (R. gnavus) with moyamoya disease (MMD) was tested with adjustment for age and sex (model 1), with adjustment for history of antibiotics use (model 2). The p.R4810K mutation was not included because none of the controls have the mutation (odds ratio should be infinite).