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. 2022 Nov 24;12:20247. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-24292-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Learning performance of icv. STZ-injected (‘STZ’) and vehicle-treated (‘control’) rats in the Morris water-maze at various time points post-injection. Means ± SEM of daily latency values are shown. (A) Results of old rats. *, **, ***: p < 0.05, p < 0.01 p < 0.001: significant difference between groups on days 1 2, 3 and 4 (post-hoc Duncan test following repeated measures ANOVA with significant Day × treatment interaction: F(4, 84) = 6.13, p = 0.000). (B) Results of young rats. *, **: p < 0.05, p < 0.01: significant difference between groups on days 1 2 and 3 (post-hoc Duncan test following repeated measures ANOVA with significant Day × treatment interaction: F(4, 88) = 3.88, p = 0.006). Group size of old STZ-treated rats: n = 11 at Week 4 and 6–8, n = 10 at Week 9–11, n = 8 at Week 14–15.