Table 2.
Comparison between Heterosexual and Bisexual Individuals in Baseline Smoking and Vaping Expectancies
| Heterosexual Participants | Bisexual Participants | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | All | T-Test/χ2 | p-Value | Cohen’s d | Beta | p-Value | |||
| M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |||||||
| Smoking Expectancies (range 1–7) | |||||||||
| Cigarettes are satisfying | 2705 | 5.34 (1.56) | 5.32 (1.56) | 5.53 (1.54) | −2.209 | .03 | 0.13 | 0.00 | .87 |
| Cigarettes are addictive | 2705 | 6.40 (1.32) | 6.38 (1.34) | 6.49 (1.13) | −1.534 | .13 | 0.08 | 0.04 | .09 |
| I experience cravings for cigarettes | 2701 | 5.77 (1.41) | 5.76 (1.42) | 5.83 (1.39) | −0.772 | .44 | 0.00 | 0.00 | .97 |
| If I go too long without a cigarette, I start feeling bad | 2701 | 4.56 (1.87) | 4.54 (1.87) | 4.73 (1.87) | −1.721 | .09 | 0.11 | 0.01 | .69 |
| Smoking satisfies my nicotine cravings | 2702 | 5.81 (1.45) | 5.79 (1.46) | 5.98 (1.33) | −2.315 | .02 | 0.14 | 0.03 | .10 |
| Cigarettes are expensive | 2704 | 6.46 (1.23) | 6.44 (1.25) | 6.55 (1.08) | −1.584 | .11 | 0.17 | 0.03 | .13 |
| Cigarettes help me deal with anxiety or worry | 2705 | 5.83 (1.49) | 5.77 (1.52) | 6.25 (1.11) | −6.630 | <.001 | 0.38 | 0.05 | <.01 |
| Cigarettes are convenient to use | 2704 | 4.87 (1.89) | 4.85 (1.89) | 5.10 (1.82) | −2.135 | .03 | 0.11 | 0.04 | .04 |
| Cigarettes taste good | 2703 | 3.60 (1.95) | 3.58 (1.94) | 3.77 (2.03) | −1.558 | .12 | 0.10 | 0.02 | .25 |
| Smoking controls my appetite | 2704 | 3.97 (1.90) | 3.94 (1.90) | 4.22 (1.88) | −2.384 | .02 | 0.16 | 0.02 | .34 |
| Smoking helps me enjoy people more | 2705 | 3.90 (1.94) | 3.86 (1.93) | 4.23 (2.00) | −3.128 | <.01 | 0.15 | 0.02 | .37 |
| Smoking is hazardous to my health | 2706 | 6.55 (1.10) | 6.55 (1.11) | 6.57 (1.04) | −0.380 | .70 | 0.00 | 0.01 | .53 |
| Smoking a cigarette energizes me | 2704 | 3.98 (1.75) | 3.94 (1.75) | 4.25 (1.72) | −2.868 | <.01 | 0.23 | 0.04 | .06 |
| Smoking irritates my mouth and throat | 2702 | 4.22 (1.84) | 4.23 (1.84) | 4.16 (1.89) | 0.558 | .58 | 0.00 | −0.01 | .69 |
| Cigarettes are good for dealing with stress | 2701 | 5.44 (1.63) | 5.40 (1.64) | 5.79 (1.52) | −4.108 | <.001 | 0.26 | 0.04 | .04 |
| People think less of me if they see me smoking | 2706 | 4.73 (1.68) | 4.71 (1.68) | 4.89 (1.68) | −1.753 | .08 | 0.12 | 0.02 | .43 |
| Positive Expectancies score (range 9–63) | 2706 | 42.75 (9.33) | 42.45 (9.35) | 45.13 (8.86) | −4.652 | <.001 | 0.29 | 0.05 | .01 |
| Negative Expectancies score (range 7–49) | 2706 | 38.68 (6.26) | 38.61 (6.35) | 39.24 (5.48) | −1.817 | .07 | 0.10 | 0.02 | .32 |
| Heterosexual Participants | Bisexual Participants | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||||||
| N | All | T-Test/χ2 | p-Value1 | Cohen’s d | Beta2 | p-Value | |||
| Vaping Expectancies (range 1–7) | |||||||||
| E-cigarettes are satisfying | 2706 | 5.98 (1.31) | 5.96 (1.32) | 6.16 (1.17) | −2.479 | .01 | 0.16 | 0.07 | <.01 |
| E-cigarettes are addictive | 2706 | 3.98 (1.78) | 3.97 (1.78) | 4.06 (1.81) | −0.767 | .44 | 0.06 | 0.01 | .48 |
| I experience cravings for e-cigarettes | 2702 | 4.14 (1.87) | 4.12 (1.86) | 4.32 (1.92) | −1.675 | .09 | 0.11 | 0.03 | .17 |
| If I go too long without an e-cigarette, I start feeling bad | 2702 | 2.93 (1.89) | 2.91 (1.88) | 3.10 (1.96) | −1.629 | .10 | 0.10 | 0.03 | .19 |
| Using e-cigarettes satisfies my nicotine cravings | 2702 | 5.60 (1.53) | 5.59 (1.53) | 5.67 (1.48) | −0.868 | .39 | 0.07 | 0.05 | .03 |
| E-cigarettes are expensive | 2706 | 4.42 (1.88) | 4.38 (1.87) | 4.82 (1.93) | −3.801 | <.001 | 0.21 | 0.05 | .02 |
| E-cigarettes help me deal with anxiety or worry | 2703 | 4.96 (1.74) | 4.92 (1.74) | 5.31 (1.70) | −3.642 | <.001 | 0.24 | 0.05 | .01 |
| E-cigarettes are convenient to use | 2705 | 6.07 (1.37) | 6.05 (1.38) | 6.26 (1.27) | −2.579 | .01 | 0.15 | 0.03 | .15 |
| E-cigarettes taste good | 2705 | 6.54 (0.99) | 6.52 (1.02) | 6.73 (0.68) | −4.586 | <.001 | 0.23 | 0.06 | .01 |
| E-cigarettes control my appetite | 2705 | 3.74 (1.85) | 3.71 (1.85) | 3.94 (1.86) | −2.015 | .04 | 0.11 | 0.03 | .16 |
| E-cigarettes help me enjoy people more | 2702 | 4.16 (1.92) | 4.10 (1.93) | 4.59 (1.82) | −4.069 | <.001 | 0.27 | 0.06 | .01 |
| E-cigarettes are hazardous to my health | 2704 | 2.89 (1.70) | 2.90 (1.71) | 2.79 (1.64) | 1.090 | .28 | 0.06 | −0.05 | .03 |
| E-cigarettes energize me | 2704 | 3.62 (1.68) | 3.60 (1.68) | 3.79 (1.71) | −1.833 | .07 | 0.12 | 0.03 | .16 |
| E-cigarettes irritate my mouth and throat | 2705 | 2.47 (1.71) | 2.47 (1.70) | 2.48 (1.76) | −0.112 | .91 | 0.00 | −0.01 | .48 |
| E-cigarettes are good for dealing with stress | 2703 | 4.94 (1.71) | 4.90 (1.72) | 5.20 (1.64) | −2.856 | <.01 | 0.18 | 0.05 | .02 |
| People think less of me if they see me using e-cigarettes | 2705 | 3.01 (1.74) | 3.03 (1.74) | 2.88 (1.75) | 1.383 | .17 | 0.06 | −0.02 | .45 |
| Positive Expectancies score (range 9–63) | 2705 | 45.61 (9.26) | 45.36 (9.25) | 47.64 (9.04) | −4.001 | <.001 | 0.24 | 0.07 | <.01 |
| Negative Expectancies score (range 7–49) | 2705 | 23.85 (7.35) | 23.78 (7.32) | 24.44 (7.54) | −1.447 | .15 | 0.08 | 0.01 | .54 |
Notes:
1)
P-value and Cohen’s d are for the group comparison while not controlling for covariates.
2)
Beta and P-value are for group difference from regression model controlling for sex, age, and income.