Table 4.
Different marketed polyherbal drugs with their composition and mechanism of action as dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitors.
| Plant | Failed antidiabetic action of plant extracts | Nanophytomedicine: mode of action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leonotis leonurus (,ajor phytoconstituent: marrubin) |
In vitro experiments were performed on Chang liver cells and INS-1 cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions. The extract was able to induce insulin secretion and upregulate the GLUT-2 gene The extract could not portray its effectiveness in the gastrointestinal tract because of its big size and poor solubility and bioavailability |
Leaf extracts fabricated with homogenized nanolipid carriers demonstrated its efficacy on INS-1 pancreatic cells and changed the liver cells exposed to hyperglycemic conditions by improving the size of the formulation to increase the solubility and bioavailability | (131) |
| Ficus religiosa | Insulin-sensitizing action and hypoglycemic action were reduced | Solid lipid nanoparticles fabricated with extract induced hypoglycemic effect insulin secretion | (174) |
| Momordica Charantia (major phytoconstituent: alpha eleostearic acid) | The bitter gourd oil enriched with conjugated linolenic acid is known to increase the antioxidant activity of enzymes within in vivo systems Deprivation of bioavailability in the gastrointestinal tract was a constraint which inhibited its efficacy against reactive oxygen species |
Since bioavailability was a constraint, hence, to upskill extract formulation, henceforth oil-based nanoemulsions were formulated with low dosage, maximum bioavailability, and efficacy against reactive oxygen species | (135) |
| Argyeria nervosa | The aqueous leaf extract has proven to be a potent antidiabetic formulation for the presence of polyphenols The extracts expressed limited efficacy against the target enzymes because of poor solubility |
With an intention to obtain maximum antidiabetic efficacy and effectiveness against free radicals, functional groups of different phytochemicals were coupled to a silver nanoparticle surface in order to reduce the surface area and to obtain maximum antidiabetic activity | (175) |
| Eysenhardtia polystachya | The methanolic and aqueous extract prepared is enriched with an abundance of flavonoids to combat diabetic complications The plant extract showed its limited efficacy because of poor bioavailability within the gastrointestinal tract |
With a rationale to improve and showcase antidiabetic effects, extracts are fabricated with nanoparticles to ameliorate insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in INS-1 cells and zebra fish, respectively, by increasing the bioavailability with minimal dosage | (130) |
| Marsilea quadrifolia | The plant extract was found to be enriched with phenolics and flavonoids which could impart its antidiabetic property The extract with poor bioavailability impeded glucose availability to 3T3L adipose cells |
Flavonoids and polyphenols of the extract attached to the surface of AuNPs improved the bioavailability and induced transmitted GLUT -4 vesicle to the cell membrane and its uptake in adipocytes Functional groups of different phytochemicals coupled to gold nanoparticles resulted to the formation of biogenic gold nanoparticles, which further reduced the surface area by improving the cellular viability and glucose availability in 3T3 adipocytes |
(176) |
| Oat derived peptides | Peptides is potent enough to inhibit DPP-IV inhibitory activity, but these peptides are degraded by gastrointestinal tract hydrolysis | Nanocrystallization of solid nanoparticles was undertaken in order to protect the oat-based bioactive peptides in a simulated gastric fluid environment with a view to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-IV | (129) |