TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population based on mortality status.
| Variables | Alive | Total death | CVD death | P1 | P2 |
| n | 137,614 | 5,436 | 985 | ||
| Sex (men) | 47,640 (34.6) | 3,304 (60.8) | 558 (56.65) | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 53.5 ± 8.5 | 62.8 ± 9.3 | 64.9 ± 9.2 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 2.9 | 23.9 ± 3.2 | 24.1 ± 3.3 | 0.03 | 0.31 |
| Obesity, n (%) | 46,236 (33.6) | 1,858 (34.2) | 370 (37.6) | 0.374 | 0.009 |
| WC (cm) | 81.2 ± 8.6 | 84.1 ± 9.0 | 84.8 ± 9.2 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 122.5 ± 15.3 | 127.2 ± 17.2 | 130.6 ± 18.1 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 76.2 ± 10.0 | 77.5 ± 10.4 | 78.8 ± 10.9 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 95.3 ± 20.6 | 104.3 ± 34.5 | 105.0 ± 34.8 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| TC (mg/dL) | 197.6 ± 35.5 | 191.3 ± 39.0 | 194.8 ± 39.0 | < 0.001 | 0.03 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.8 ± 13.0 | 48.4 ± 13.2 | 47.0 ± 11.7 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 119.2 ± 32.6 | 114.4 ± 35.3 | 118.2 ± 36.1 | < 0.001 | 0.36 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 128.9 ± 90.1 | 144.1 ± 107.5 | 148.9 ± 94.9 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Never smoker | 100,083 (72.7) | 2,704 (49.7) | 515 (52.3) | ||
| Former smoker | 20,476 (14.9) | 1,409 (25.9) | 225 (22.8) | ||
| Current smoker | 17,055 (12.4) | 1,323 (24.3) | 245 (24.9) | ||
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | < 0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Never drinker | 70,007 (50.9) | 2,365 (43.5) | 458 (46.5) | ||
| Former drinker | 5,221 (3.8) | 564 (10.4) | 88 (8.9) | ||
| Current drinker | 62,386 (45.3) | 2,507 (46.1) | 439 (44.6) | ||
| Regular exercise (No) | 67,974 (49.4) | 3,347 (61.6) | 658 (66.9) | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 22,996 (16.7) | 1,411 (26.0) | 324 (32.9) | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 9,526 (6.9) | 838 (15.4) | 153 (15.5) | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia,, n (%) | 78,211 (56.8) | 3,008 (55.3) | 591 (60.0) | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| CKD, n (%) | 3,290 (2.4) | 602 (11.1) | 149 (15.1) | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Residential area, n (%) | < 0.001 | <0.001 | |||
| Urban | 120,808 (87.8) | 3,548 (65.3) | 565 (57.4) | ||
| Rural | 16,806 (12.2) | 1,888 (34.7) | 420 (42.6) | ||
| Total energy (kcal/day) | 1,739.6 ± 542.0 | 1,637.2 ± 531.7 | 1,607.5 ± 558.6 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 310.1 ± 89.8 | 297.7 ± 87.0 | 293.6 ± 88.4 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (%) | 71.9 ± 7.0 | 73.6 ± 7.1 | 74.2 ± 7.6 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fat (g/day) | 27.5 ± 17.2 | 23.6 ± 16.9 | 22.7 ± 19.4 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Fat (%) | 13.7 ± 5.5 | 12.2 ± 5.6 | 11.8 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Protein (g/day) | 58.7 ± 24.8 | 53.3 ± 24.9 | 51.7 ± 28.4 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Protein (%) | 13.3 ± 2.6 | 12.8 ± 2.6 | 12.5 ± 2.7 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 2,513.2 ± 1,422.4 | 2,460.1 ± 1,479.1 | 2,359.8 ± 1,364.3 | 0.01 | 0.001 |
| Potassium (mg/day) | 2,225.7 ± 1,049.3 | 1,983.6 ± 1,035.7 | 1,877.4 ± 1,011.9 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Sodium/Potassium | 1.14 ± 0.39 | 1.26 ± 0.46 | 1.29 ± 0.47 | < 0.001 | <0.001 |
BMI, Body mass index; CKD, Chronic kidney disease; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, High density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; TC, Total cholesterol; WC, Waist circumference.
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviations or number (%).
P-values were derived from independent t-test for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables; significance was set at p < 0.05. P1: Alive vs. total death, P2: Alive vs. CVD death.
Percent of energy intake from carbohydrate or protein were calculated as follows: carbohydrate intake (g/day) or protein intake (g/day)/total energy intake (kcal/day) × 100%. The percent of energy intake from fat was calculated as follows: fat intake (g/day) × 9 kcal/total energy intake (kcal/day) × 100%.