TABLE 2.
Multiple Cox proportional hazard regression analysis for total death and CVD death according to sodium (Na), potassium (K) and sodium to potassium (Na/K) ratio intake.
| Hazard ratios (95% Confidence intervals) | |||||
| Na (mg/day) | Q1 (19.7, 1,363.9) |
Q2 (1,363.9, 1,989.0) |
Q3 (1,989.0, 2,602.2) |
Q4 (2,602.2, 3,422.7) |
Q5 (3,422.7, 18,190.2) |
| Total death | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.84 (0.78–0.91) |
0.89 (0.82–0.96) |
0.80 (0.073–0.87) |
0.79 (0.73–0.85) |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.92 (0.85–1.00) |
0.98 (0.90–1.06) |
0.92 (0.81–1.00) |
0.95 (0.87–1.05) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.93 (0.86–1.01) |
0.98 (0.90–1.07) |
0.93 (0.85–1.01) |
0.96 (0.87, 1.05) |
| Model 3* | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) |
1.08 (0.99–1.18) |
1.05 (0.95–1.10) |
1.09 (0.97–1.22) |
| CVD death | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.66 (0.54–0.80) |
0.79 (0.66–0.95) |
0.75 (0.62–0.90) |
0.60 (0.49–0.73) |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.74 (0.61–0.90) |
0.92 (0.76–1.11) |
0.89 (0.74–1.09) |
0.75 (0.60–0.94) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.75 (0.62–0.91) |
0.92 (0.76–1.11) |
0.90 (0.74–1.10) |
0.75 (0.60–0.94) |
| Model 3* | 1.00 (ref) | 0.79 (0.65–0.98) |
1.01 (0.82–1.24) |
1.03 (0.82–1.30) |
0.92 (0.70–1.21) |
| K (mg/day) | Q1 (130.4, 1,405.4) |
Q2 (1405.4, 1,830.6) |
Q3 (1,830.7, 2,267.7) |
Q4 (2,267.7, 2,884.4) |
Q5 (2,844.5, 19,268.3 |
| Total death | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.65 (0.60–0.70) |
0.60 (0.55–0.65) |
0.53 (0.49–0.57) |
0.46 (0.42–0.50) |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.82 (0.76–0.89) |
0.86 (0.79–0.93) |
0.83 (0.76–0.91) |
0.84 (0.76–0.94) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.83 (0.77–0.90) |
0.86 (0.79–0.93) |
0.84 (0.76–0.92) |
0.85 (0.76–0.95) |
| Model 3† | 1.00 (ref) | 0.81 (0.75–0.89) |
0.76 (0.75–0.91) |
0.80 (0.71–0.89) |
0.79 (0.69–0.91) |
| CVD death | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.60 (0.50–0.72) |
0.55 (0.46–0.66) |
0.43 (0.35–0.52) |
0.35 (0.29–.43) |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.81 (0.68–0.97) |
0.86 (0.71–1.05) |
0.73 (0.58–0.91) |
0.67 (0.51–0.88) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.82 (0.69–0.99) |
0.87 (0.71–1.06) |
0.74 (0.59–0.92) |
0.68 (0.51–0.89) |
| Model 3† | 1.00 (ref) | 0.83 (0.68–1.01) |
0.86 (0.68–1.08) |
0.72 (0.55–0.95) |
0.68 (0.48–0.95) |
| Na/K | Q1 (0.08, 0.80) |
Q2 (0.80, 1.00) |
Q3 (1.00, 1.20) |
Q4 (1.20, 1.45) |
Q5 (1.45, 4.18) |
| Total death | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) |
1.09 (0.99–1.20) |
1.25 (1.15–1.37) |
1.76 (1.62–1.91) |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) |
1.02 (0.93–1.12) |
1.01 (0.92–1.10) |
1.06 (0.97–1.15) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) |
1.02 (0.93–1.12) |
1.01 (0.92–1.10) |
1.06 (0.97–1.15) |
| CVD death | |||||
| Unadjusted | 1.00 (ref) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) |
0.15 (0.92–1.44) |
1.37 (1.11–1.69) |
2.00 (1.65–2.43) |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) |
1.09 (0.88–1.37) |
1.10 (0.89–1.36) |
1.13 (0.93–1.38) |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (ref) | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) |
1.09 (0.88–1.36) |
1.10 (0.89–1.36) |
1.12 (0.92–1.37) |
Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking, regular exercise, and total calorie intake. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, BMI, alcohol intake, smoking, regular exercise, total calorie intake, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes and CKD; Model 3*: Model 2 + potassium intake; Model 3†: Model 2 + sodium intake.