TABLE 1.
Sample demographic and clinical characteristics.
| Extended cannabis use group | ||||||||||
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| Full sample (n = 158) | Minimal/no cannabis exposure (n = 53) | Moderate cannabis exposure (n = 52) | Heavy cannabis exposure (n = 53) | Group comparison | ||||||
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| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | χ2 | p | |
| Race | ||||||||||
| White | 81 | 51.3 | 32 | 60.4 | 24 | 46.2 | 25 | 47.2 | 5.87 | 0.437 |
| Black | 65 | 41.1 | 16 | 30.2 | 24 | 46.2 | 25 | 47.2 | ||
| Biracial | 8 | 5.1 | 3 | 5.7 | 2 | 3.8 | 3 | 5.7 | ||
| Other | 4 | 2.53 | 2 | 3.8 | 2 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | ||
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| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F | p | |
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| SES | ||||||||||
| Family income (per month) (mean first 3 assessments) | 1,208.18 | 669.9 | 1,236.88 | 594.24 | 1,409.28(3) | 768.12 | 982.16(2) | 574.26 | 5.74 | 0.004** |
| Neighborhood risk score (mean first 3 assessments) | 0.37 | 1.12 | 0.03(3) | 0.81 | 0.45 | 1.25 | 0.63(1) | 1.2 | 4.06 | 0.019* |
| Childhood clinical and cognitive assessments | ||||||||||
| Internalizing Symptoms (Mean Age 10-12) | 5.28 | 4.99 | 5.38 | 5.14 | 4.95 | 4.82 | 5.49 | 5.07 | 0.55 | 0.581 |
| Externalizing symptoms (mean age 10–12) | 8.65 | 6.85 | 7.98 | 6.51 | 7.77 | 6.22 | 10.09 | 7.55 | 0.15 | 0.865 |
| IQ (age 11) | 96.11 | 18.39 | 97.89 | 20.82 | 96.61 | 19.94 | 93.86 | 13.94 | 1.68 | 0.19 |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01. Superscript numbers in parentheses indicate which groups were significantly different from one another, based on pairwise Bonferroni-corrected post hoc testing or pairwise χ2 tests, as applicable (1 = minimal/no cannabis exposure group, 2 = moderate cannabis exposure group, 3 = heavy cannabis exposure group). Race was assessed by self-report: participants indicated whether they identified as Asian, Black/African American, Caucasian/White, Hispanic, Mexican American, Native American, Native Hawaiian, Biracial, or other. Subjects included in the current analyses endorsed four different racial classifications, Black, White, Biracial, or other, and data were not further reduced. Internalizing and externalizing symptoms were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) (Achenbach and Edelbrock, 1983), parent report, at child age 10, 11, and 12. IQ was assessed using a short form of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) (Wechsler, 1991).