Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study patients.
| Variable | Available numbers | All (n = 1,788) | Fixed 5/10 (n = 787) | Fixed 5/20 (n = 458) | Free 5/10 (n = 543) | MASD |
| Age, years | 1,788 | 64.0 ± 12.2 | 63.4 ± 11.9 | 62.3 ± 12.4 | 66.4 ± 12.0 | 0.232 |
| Male | 1,788 | 963 (53.9) | 424 (53.9) | 249 (54.4) | 290 (53.4) | 0.037 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 1,375 | 26.5 ± 3.8 | 26.6 ± 3.8 | 27.1 ± 4.1 | 26.0 ± 3.5 | 0.248 |
| Smoking | 1,788 | 251 (14.0) | 99 (12.6) | 68 (14.8) | 84 (15.5) | 0.078 |
| Cardiovascular disease | ||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 1,788 | 274 (15.3) | 115 (14.6) | 87 (19.0) | 72 (13.3) | 0.136 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 1,788 | 80 (4.5) | 39 (5.0) | 10 (2.2) | 31 (5.7) | 0.147 |
| Acute coronary syndrome | 1,788 | 35 (2.0) | 7 (0.89) | 12 (2.6) | 16 (2.9) | 0.107 |
| Stroke | 1,788 | 400 (22.4) | 142 (18.0) | 65 (14.2) | 193 (35.5) | 0.490 |
| Any cardiovascular disease | 1,788 | 674 (37.7) | 264 (33.5) | 147 (32.1) | 263 (48.4) | 0.318 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1,788 | 700 (39.1) | 323 (41.0) | 168 (36.7) | 209 (38.5) | 0.101 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1,788 | 350 (19.6) | 158 (20.1) | 81 (17.7) | 111 (20.4) | 0.074 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1,788 | 75 (4.2) | 28 (3.6) | 22 (4.8) | 25 (4.6) | 0.114 |
| Malignancy | 1,788 | 388 (21.7) | 186 (23.6) | 100 (21.8) | 102 (18.8) | 0.079 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1,788 | 118 (6.6) | 55 (7.0) | 28 (6.1) | 35 (6.4) | 0.022 |
| Charlson’s Comorbidity Index score | 1,788 | 2.1 ± 2.1 | 2.1 ± 2.1 | 1.8 ± 2.0 | 2.5 ± 2.2 | 0.308 |
| Medication | ||||||
| Antiplatelet agents | 1,788 | 741 (41.4) | 295 (37.5) | 163 (35.6) | 283 (52.1) | 0.272 |
| ACEi | 1,788 | 64 (3.6) | 28 (3.6) | 19 (4.1) | 17 (3.1) | 0.039 |
| ARBs | 1,788 | 624 (34.9) | 235 (29.9) | 201 (43.9) | 188 (34.6) | 0.277 |
| Beta-blockers | 1,788 | 541 (30.3) | 232 (29.5) | 154 (33.6) | 155 (28.5) | 0.117 |
| Diuretics | 1,788 | 152 (8.5) | 61 (7.8) | 40 (8.7) | 51 (9.4) | 0.098 |
| Other anti-hypertensive agents | 1,788 | 182 (10.2) | 65 (8.3) | 54 (11.8) | 63 (11.6) | 0.113 |
| GLP-1 RA | 1,788 | 8 (0.45) | 2 (0.25) | 3 (0.66) | 3 (0.55) | 0.051 |
| SGLT2i | 1,788 | 77 (4.3) | 31 (3.9) | 36 (7.9) | 10 (1.8) | 0.238 |
| Other oral hypoglycemic agents | 1,788 | 275 (15.4) | 119 (15.1) | 60 (13.1) | 96 (17.7) | 0.166 |
| Insulin | 1,788 | 83 (4.6) | 33 (4.2) | 19 (4.1) | 31 (5.7) | 0.111 |
| Vital signs at baseline | ||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 1,717 | 145.8 ± 21.4 | 146.2 ± 21.6 | 149.0 ± 22.4 | 142.5 ± 19.6 | 0.286 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 1,717 | 82.2 ± 13.2 | 82.8 ± 13.4 | 83.7 ± 13.2 | 79.9 ± 12.5 | 0.223 |
| Heart rate, beat/min | 1,707 | 80.3 ± 13.3 | 79.8 ± 13.3 | 81.0 ± 13.9 | 80.5 ± 12.7 | 0.051 |
| Laboratory data at baseline | ||||||
| LDL, mg/dL | 1,737 | 118.6 ± 49.0 | 115.1 ± 46.8 | 128.2 ± 52.9 | 115.6 ± 47.7 | 0.235 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 1,716 | 47.7 ± 13.3 | 48.0 ± 12.9 | 47.8 ± 13.5 | 47.2 ± 13.5 | 0.034 |
| Non-HDL, mg/dL | 1,634 | 142.4 ± 50.0 | 138.5 ± 41.7 | 151.7 ± 66.9 | 140.2 ± 43.0 | 0.213 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 1,741 | 191.3 ± 51.4 | 187.3 ± 43.1 | 202.4 ± 67.7 | 187.8 ± 44.9 | 0.236 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 1,734 | 127 [89, 176] | 128 [85, 174] | 138 [97, 190] | 120 [88, 166] | 0.168 |
| HbA1C, % | 1,625 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | 6.7 ± 1.5 | 6.7 ± 1.6 | 0.019 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 1,612 | 116.9 ± 40.9 | 118.4 ± 41.5 | 118.7 ± 45.6 | 113.3 ± 35.3 | 0.090 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1,778 | 1.0 ± 1.0 | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 0.103 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 1,778 | 81.2 ± 30.8 | 83.0 ± 30.5 | 79.5 ± 27.6 | 79.8 ± 33.5 | 0.096 |
| Serum uric acid, mg/dL | 1,587 | 6.0 ± 1.6 | 5.9 ± 1.6 | 6.1 ± 1.6 | 5.9 ± 1.7 | 0.075 |
| Urine ACR | 724 | 64 [6, 331] | 42 [6, 289] | 80 [7, 388] | 87 [3, 348] | 0.053 |
| ALT, U/L | 1,744 | 22 [16, 32] | 22 [16, 31] | 24 [17, 37] | 21 [16, 29] | 0.201 |
| AST, U/L | 1,426 | 25 [21, 32] | 26 [21, 32] | 25 [20, 31] | 25 [21, 31] | 0.066 |
| Follow up year | 1,788 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 0.232 |
ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ACR, albumin/creatinine ratio; ALT, alanine amino transferase; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; AST, aspartate transaminase; eGFR, estimated Glomerular filtration rate; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HTN, hypertension; LDL, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; MASD, maximum absolute standardized difference; Non-HDL, non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol; SGLT2i, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor.
Data were presented as frequency (percentage), median [25th, 75th percentile] or mean ± standard deviation.