Table 1.

Summary of natural plant colorants used for hair dye applications.

Category	Colorant	Botanical Origin	Extraction Process	Dye Bath	Dyeingsubstrate	Mordant	Dyeing Process	Dyed Color	Color Fastness	Refs.
Quinones	lawsone	leaves of Lawonia inermis L.	ultrasound reflux extraction (sodium hydroxide solution 0.25 mol/L, solid liquid ratio 1:55, 140 min, 100 °C)	dye gels (xanthan gum, 1,2-propanediol)	gray hair	iron (II) sulfate	post-mordanting dyeing	reddish brown	/	[16]
	lawsone	leaves of Lawonia inermis L.	reflux extraction (distilled water, solid liquid ratio 1:6, 120 min, 100 °C)	emulsion	gray hair	iron (II) sulfate	post-mordanting dyeing	blank	resistant to 20 shampoo washes	[20]
	lawsone	leaves of Lawonia inermis L.	ultrasound reflux extraction (sodium hydroxide 0.25 mol/L, solid liquid ratio 1:55, 140 min, 100 °C)	dye gels (xanthan gum, 1,2-propanediol)	yak hair	iron (II) sulfate	post-mordanting dyeing	reddish brown	resistant to 15 shampoo washes	[17]
	lawsone	leaves of Lawonia inermis L.	cold maceration extraction (water, 48 h)	dye gels (carbopol-934, glycerin, sodium hydroxide solution, methyl paraben)	hair	/	direct dyeing	brownish	resistant to 5 shampoo washes	[18]
	lawsone	leaves of Lawonia inermis L.	/	paste	goat hair	/	direct dyeing	reddish brown	/	[42]
	juglone	husk of Juglans regia L.	solvent extraction with microwave-assisted (acetone–water 70% (v/v), 60 s, 180 w) and ultrasound-assisted (20 min, 90 w, 37 kHz)	solution	bleached hair	iron (II) sulfate and aloe vera gel	meta-mordanting dyeing	dark brown	resistant to 15 shampoo washes	[12]
	juglone	husk of Juglans regia L.	ultrasound reflux extraction (ethanol 50%, solid liquid ratio 1:25, 120 min, 60 °C)	dye gels (xanthan gum, 1,2-propanediol)	gray hair	iron (II) sulfate	post-mordanting dyeing	brown	/	[16]
	juglone	husk of Juglans regia L.	Solvent extraction (dichloromethane, 60 min, 3 times)	solution	yak hair	/	direct dyeing	red brown	/	[11]
	shikonin	roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc.	solvent extraction (ethanol and 3% acetic acid, 30 h)	solution	bleached hair	/	direct dyeing	light brown grey	resistant to 8 shampoo washes	[21]
	alizarin	roots of Rubia tinctoria L.	/	solution	yak hair	/	direct dyeing	red	/	[11]
	benzoquinone	shoots of Pyrus lindleyi Rehd.	solvent extraction (phosphate buffer, pH 6.0)	solution	yak hair	/	direct dyeing	brown	/	[11,43]
Tannins	gallotannin	parasitic aphids of Rhus chinensis Mill.	ultrasound reflux extraction (80% ethanol, solid liquid ratio 1:25, 160 min, 60 °C)	dye gels (Xanthan gum, 1,2-propanediol)	gray hair	iron (II) sulfate	post-mordanting	black	resistant to 13 shampoo washes	[44]
	gallotannin	parasitic aphids of Rhus chinensis Mill.	ultrasound reflux extraction (80% ethanol, solid liquid ratio 1:25, 160 min, 60 °C)	dye gels (Xanthan gum, 1,2-propanediol)	gray hair	iron (II) sulfate	post-mordanting	black	/	[44]
	catechin	matcha tea	/	solution	unpigmented hair	iron (II) lactate	post-mordanting	dove grey	resistant to 12 shampoo washes	[36]
Flavonoids	cyanidin-3-o-rutinoside	fruit skins of Ribes nigrum L.	aqueous extraction (acidified water, 2 h)	paste	bleached hair	/	direct dyeing	blue	resistant to 12 shampoo washes	[45]
	cyanidin-3-glucoside	fruit of Morus nigra L.	solvent extraction (methanol with aq. hydrochloric acid 1%, 30 min)	solution	yak hair	iron (II) oxalate	meta-mordanting	blue	/	[11]
	cyanidin-3-glucoside	beans of Phaseolus mungo	solvent extraction (hydrochloric ethanol, 4 °C, 24 h)	dye gels	bleached hair	/	direct dyeing	brownish red	resistant to 4 shampoo washes	[46]
	cyanidin-3-glucoside	fruit of Cleistocalyx nervosum Var. Paniala	solvent extraction (hydrochloric ethanol, 24 h)	spray	bleached hair	/	direct dyeing	red	resistant to 5 shampoo washes	[47]
	cyanidin-3-glucoside	corn cobs of Zea mays L. Var.	aqueous extraction (80 ± 2 °C, 15 min)	solution	grey hair	/	direct dyeing	blue	/	[48]
	hematoxylin	heartwood of Haematoxylon campechianum	ultrasound reflux extraction (ethanol 80%, solid liquid ratio1:25, 160 min, 60 °C)	dye gels (Xanthan gum, 1,2-propanediol)	gray hair	iron (II) sulfate	post-mordanting	brown red	/	[16]
	hematoxylin	heartwood of Haematoxylon campechianum	aqueous extraction (pH 9,25 °C, 1:4 (w/v))	solution	bleached hair	iron (II) sulfate	meta-mordanting	reddish-brown	resistant to 15 shampoo washes	[19]
	hematoxylin	heartwood of Haematoxylon campechianum	aqueous extraction (95 °C, 50 min, 4 times)	solution	bleached hair	/	direct dyeing	light brown red	resistant to 8 shampoo washes	[21]
	quercetin	leaves of Tectona grandis Linn. F.	solvent extraction (ethanol-water, 70 °C, 3 h, 2 cycles)	solution	bleached hair	/	direct dyeing	brown	/	[49]
	acacetin	bark of Acacia farnesiana (Linn.) Willd.	reflux extraction with (distilled water, solid liquid ratio 1:6, 120 min, 100 °C)	solution	gray hair		direct dyeing		/	[20]
Indigo	indigo	leaves of Isatis indigotica Fort., Polygonum tinctorium Ait.	/	paste	gray hair		direct dyeing	dark brown	Resistant to 6 shampoo washes	[50]
	indigo carmine	/	/	solution	blonde hair	/	direct dyeing	blue	/	[51]
Curcuminoids	curcumin	root of Curcuma longa Linn.	aqueous extraction (4 °C, pH 5, solid liquid ratio 1:4)	solution	bleached hair	iron (II) sulfate	meta-mordanting	orangish brown	resistant to 15 shampoo washes	[19]
	curcumin	root of Curcuma longa Linn.	/	solution	yak hair	/	direct dyeing	yellow	/	[11,52]
Carotenoids	zeaxanthin	aerial parts of Eclipta alba L.	aqueous extraction (100 °C, pH 9, solid liquid ratio 1:4)	solution	bleached hair	iron (II) sulfate	meta-mordanting	brown	resistant to 15 shampoo washes	[19]
	peridinin	fruit of Terminalia belerica Roxb.	aqueous extraction (25 °C, pH 7, solid liquid ratio 1:4)	solution	bleached hair	iron (II) sulfate	meta-mordanting	brown	resistant to 15 shampoo washes	[19]
	lutein	flower of Tagetes erecta Linn.	aqueous extraction (60 min, 100 °C)	solution	grey hair	aloe vera gel	meta-mordanting	black	resistant to 5 shampoo washes	[40]