Figure 6.

Schematic diagram depicting the effect of a lone bacterial or viral infection and pathogenic coinfection in engendering neuroinflammation. The role of extracellular vesicles from bacteria-infected cells in virus reactivation via PBMC in contributing to neuroinflammation has to be explored. Meanwhile, the analysis of the combined effect of pathogens on various neurodegenerative markers and inflammation could be contemplated in the co-infection models. NB:? signifies the nonavailability of direct evidence and study needs to be done in this aspect.