Table 1.
bEVs involved in the pathogenic infections and their roles.
| Origin of bEV | Infecting Pathogens | Role of bEV | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gram-positive bacteria | |||
| Bifidobacterium longum | Food-borne infections | Induction of progenitor cells | [96] |
| Burkholderia spp. | Activity against A. baumannii and S. aureus | N.D. | [97] |
| L. gasseri | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | Change in susceptibility pattern of viral infection by regulation of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 signaling | [98] |
| L. rhamnosus | Superficial infections | M2 Macrophage | [99] |
| S. aureus | Pneumococcal infection | TH1-mediated cell immunity | [100] |
| Streptococcus spp. | Streptococcal infection | Induction of dendritic cells | [101] |
| Tetragenococcus halophilus | Opportunistic pathogens | Anti-inflammatory factor interferon beta (IFN-β) | [102] |
| Gram-negative bacteria | |||
| Acinetobacter spp. | Pan-drug resistant A. baumannii | Activation of IgG and IgM | [103] |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | B. burgdorferi colonization | Stabilizing superoxide | [104] |
| Helicobacter pylori | H. pylori infection | Induction of TH2 immune cells | [105] |
| K. pneumoniae | K. pneumoniae infection | Humoral and cellular immunity | [106] |
| N. meningitis | Meningococcal disease | IgG-mediated response | [107] |
| Pertussis A | Bordetella pertussis infection | Induction of CD4 cells | [108] |
| P. aeruginosa | Lethal dose of P. aeruginosa | Mixed cellular response | [109] |