Table 4.

Beneficial roles of probiotic-derived bEVs on gut–brain-axis control.

Origin of bEVs	Roles of bEVs	References
L. acidophilus	Changes in complex microbial communities	[134]
L. plantarum	Enhance the action of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), lowering the stress level in hippocampus neuron	[135]
L. reuteri DSM 17938	Modulate intestinal and colon motility and enhance gut–brain intercommunication for CNS homeostasis	[136]
L. rhamnosus	Reduce the behavioral changes including anxiety and depression	[137]