Table 3.

Biopolymeric nanoparticles tested as carriers of insecticides.

Insecticide	Nanoparticles	Target Pest	Reference
Imidacloprid	Chitosan/sodium alginate	-	[115]
Carbofuran	PVA–starch composite	-	[116]
Etofenprox	Chitosan	Spodoptera litura	[117]
Pyrifluquinazon	Chitosan	Peach aphid	[118]
Imidacloprid	Lignin	-	[119]
Azadirachtin *	Chitosan	-	[120]
Deltamethrin *	Chitosan-coated beeswax SLN	-	[121]
Azadirachtin *	Chitosan	Tobacco cutworm (S. litura)	[122]
Chlorpyrifos	Chitosan/PLA	-	[123]
Thiamethoxam	PLA/cellulose nanocrystal	Whiteflies	[124]
Imidacloprid	Sodium alginate	Leafhoppers (jassids)	[10]
Methomyl	Azidobenzaldehyde and carboxymethyl chitosan	Armyworm larvae	[109]
Pyridalyl	Sodium alginate	Helicoverpa armigera larvae	[110]
Chlorpyrifos	Sodium alginate	Nematode	[125]
Malathion and spinosad	chitosan/alginate/gelatin	Culex pipiens larvae	[126]
PONNEEM	Chitosan	Cotton bollworm larvae (H. armigera)	[127]
Cypermethrin	Chitosan and diamotite	Corn borers	[128]
Emamectin benzoate	Ethyl cellulose	Plutella xylostella	[129]
Fungal biopesticidal agent Nomuraea rileyi	Chitosan	Spodoptera litura	[130]
Azadirachtin *	Zinc oxide and chitosan	Groundnut bruchid (C. serratus)	[112]
Carvacrol */linalool	Chitosan	Mite (T. urticae)	[50]
Geraniol *	Chitosan/gum arabic	Whitefly (B. tabaei)	[111]
S. hortensis L. essential oil *	Chitosan/TPP	Mite (T. urticae)	[131]
Nicotine *	Chitosan/TPP	House fly (M. domestica)	[132]
Spinosad and permethrin	Chitosan	Drosophila melanogaster	[17]
Emamectin benzoate	Carboxymethyl chitosan	Mythimna separate	[113]
Thiamethoxam	Cellulose	Phenacoccus solenopsis	[20]
Pyridalyl	Sodium alginate	Helicoverpa armigera	[133]

* Oils/extracts with insecticidal activity that act at specific target sites but are not classed as pesticides.