Table 4.
Biopolymeric nanoparticles assessed as carriers of herbicides.
| Herbicide | Nanoparticles | Target Crop | Toxicity or Soil Leaching | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paraquat | Alginate/chitosan | - | Lara and Carvoeiro soil sorption | [134] |
| Atrazine | Poly(caprolactone) coated in chitosan | - | - | [136] |
| Paraquat | Chitosan/tripolyphosphate | Mustard (Brassica sp.) and maize | Chinese hamster ovary cells, A. cepa, soil sorption | [135] |
| Diuron | Chitosan | Maize | E. crus-galli | [137] |
| Imazapic and imazapyr | Alginate/chitosan and chitosan/TPP | Black-jack (B. pilosa) | Chinese hamster ovary cells, A. cepa, soil biota | [138] |
| Clomazone | Chitosan/alginate | - | Bullfrog tadpole (L. catesbeianus) livers | [139] |
| Atrazine | Chitosan/tripolyphosphate | - | C. elegans | [140] |
| Metsulfuron methyl | Pectin nanocapsules | Chenopodium album | Vero cell lines | [47] |
| 2,4–dichloro phenoxy acetate | Starch and sodium alginate | - | - | [141] |
| Glyphosate | Diatomite/Fe3O4 with chitosan | - | - | [128] |
| Atrazine | Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) | Potato plant | - | [142] |
| Atrazine | N-hexanoyl-O-glycol chitosan | - | - | [143] |
| Atrazine | poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) | - | - | [144] |
| Tebuthiuron | Sodium alginate | Cucumber plants | The leaching of commercial herbicide in soil was 40–50 cm deep, while it was 20–30 cm for nanoformulations | [145] |
| Clomazone | Polymeric nanoparticles | - | Higher toxicity in tadpoles (L. catesbeianus) in the form of lipidosis and macrophage aggregation by the herbicide | [146] |