Table 2.
Hazard ratio (95%CI) for hypertension incidence by UPF intake (g/day): China Health and Nutrition Survey (n = 15,054).
| UPF Intake Level | None | 1–49 | 50–99 | ≥100 | p for Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of incident cases | 3137 | 459 | 327 | 406 | |
| Rate (per 1000 person years) | 29.5 | 29.5 | 33.4 | 36.3 | |
| Person years | 106,364 | 15,542 | 9777 | 11,186 | |
| Unadjusted model | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | 0.031 |
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.14 (1.02–1.28) | 1.25 (1.13–1.39) | 0.000 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.90–1.12) | 1.17 (1.04–1.33) | 1.20 (1.06–1.35) | 0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.90–1.12) | 1.17 (1.04–1.33) | 1.20 (1.06–1.35) | 0.001 |
| Model 4 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.90–1.12) | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) | 1.19 (1.06–1.34) | 0.001 |
| Model 5 | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.90–1.12) | 1.17 (1.03–1.33) | 1.19 (1.06–1.35) | <0.001 |
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, and energy intake. Model 2 further adjusted for income, education, urbanization, smoking, alcohol drinking, physical activity, sleep duration, and BMI. Model 3: model 2 further adjusted for sodium/potassium intake. Model 4: model 2 further adjusted for intake of fruit and vegetables/tea; Model 5: model 4 further adjusted for known diabetes.