Table 1.
General Characteristics of Participants.
| Characteristics | Total Participants | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Osteoporosis (n, %) | Control (n, %) | Standardized Difference | |
| Total number | 67,811 (100.0) | 67,811 (100.0) | |
| Age (years old) | 0.00 | ||
| 40–44 | 1025 (1.5) | 1025 (1.5) | |
| 45–49 | 5110 (7.5) | 5110 (7.5) | |
| 50–54 | 12,051 (17.8) | 12,051 (17.8) | |
| 55–59 | 15,211 (22.4) | 15,211 (22.4) | |
| 60–64 | 13,563 (20.0) | 13,563 (20.0) | |
| 65–69 | 7263 (10.7) | 7263 (10.7) | |
| 70–74 | 6944 (10.2) | 6944 (10.2) | |
| 75–79 | 4458 (6.6) | 4458 (6.6) | |
| 80–84 | 1826 (2.7) | 1826 (2.7) | |
| 85+ | 360 (0.5) | 360 (0.5) | |
| Sex | 0.00 | ||
| Male | 12,306 (18.2) | 12,306 (18.2) | |
| Female | 55,505 (81.9) | 55,505 (81.9) | |
| Income | 0.00 | ||
| 1 (lowest) | 12,855 (19.0) | 12,855 (19.0) | |
| 2 | 10,246 (15.1) | 10,246 (15.1) | |
| 3 | 11,083 (16.3) | 11,083 (16.3) | |
| 4 | 13,786 (20.3) | 13,786 (20.3) | |
| 5 (highest) | 19,841 (29.3) | 19,841 (29.3) | |
| Region of residence | 0.00 | ||
| Urban | 28,576 (42.1) | 28,576 (42.1) | |
| Rural | 39,235 (57.9) | 39,235 (57.9) | |
| Obesity † | 0.18 | ||
| Underweight | 2400 (3.5) | 1632 (2.4) | |
| Normal | 27,361 (40.4) | 23,234 (34.3) | |
| Overweight | 17,731 (26.2) | 17,716 (26.1) | |
| Obese I | 18,530 (27.3) | 22,309 (32.9) | |
| Obese II | 1789 (2.6) | 2920 (4.3) | |
| Smoking status | 0.5 | ||
| Nonsmoker | 60,277 (88.9) | 59,566 (87.8) | |
| Past smoker | 3451 (5.1) | 3572 (5.3) | |
| Current smoker | 4083 (6.0) | 4673 (6.9) | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.05 | ||
| <1 time a week | 56,281 (83.0) | 55,306 (81.6) | |
| ≥1 time a week | 11,530 (17.0) | 12,505 (18.4) | |
| Systolic blood pressure | 0.13 | ||
| <120 mmHg | 23,007 (33.9) | 20,459 (30.2) | |
| 120–139 mmHg | 30,208 (44.6) | 29,831 (44.0) | |
| ≥140 mmHg | 14,596 (21.5) | 17,521 (25.8) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 0.11 | ||
| <80 mmHg | 34,028 (50.2) | 31,177 (46.0) | |
| 80–89 mmHg | 22,243 (32.8) | 22,738 (33.5) | |
| ≥90 mmHg | 11,540 (17.0) | 13,896 (20.5) | |
| Fasting blood glucose | 0.13 | ||
| <100 mg/dL | 47,274 (69.7) | 43,952 (64.8) | |
| 100–125 mg/dL | 16,240 (24.0) | 17,471 (25.8) | |
| ≥126 mg/dL | 4297 (6.3) | 6388 (9.4) | |
| Total cholesterol | 0.04 | ||
| <200 mg/dL | 33,542 (49.5) | 32,588 (48.1) | |
| 200–239 mg/dL | 23,440 (34.6) | 23,523 (34.7) | |
| ≥240 mg/dL | 10,829 (16.0) | 11,700 (17.3) | |
| CCI score | 0.13 | ||
| 0 | 37,311 (55.0) | 40,827 (60.2) | |
| 1 | 12,535 (18.5) | 10,550 (15.6) | |
| ≥2 | 17,965 (26.5) | 16,434 (24.2) | |
| Renal stone | 2276 (3.4) | 1696 (2.5) | 0.05 |
Abbreviation: CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; † Obesity (BMI, body mass index, kg/m2) was categorized as <18.5 (underweight), ≥18.5 to <23 (normal), ≥23 to <25 (overweight), ≥25 to <30 (obese I), and ≥30 (obese II).