Figure 3.

Schematic representation of the multiple interactions between human lung mast cells and various non-immune cells through the release of mediators. Mast cells can interact with bronchial epithelial cells (IL-13, TNF-α, IL-9, TGF-β, and PGD₂), brush cells (LTE₄), fibroblasts (tryptase, PGD₂, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-13, and IL-1β), smooth-muscle cells (histamine, LTC₄, LTD₄, PGD₂, and tryptase), goblet cells (IL-13 and LTE₄), blood endothelial cells (histamine, LTC₄, LTD₄, PGD₂, PAF, VEGF-A, IL-13, and IL-1β), lymphatic endothelial cells (VEGF-C and VEGF-D), and neurons (histamine, NGF, SP, and PGD₂). Modified with permission from Varricchi 2019 [151].