Table 1.

Relationship between the diabetic foot, diabetic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease.

SN	Citations	Relationship	ME	PS	OUTCOME	TRE
1	Feleke et al. [28] (2007)	DFI and CVD	LBBM, OBBM	2818	DFI Infections led to morbidity, with the combined effect of CVD leading to mortality. Following diabetic foot ulcers came TB, skin and subcutaneous infections, and pneumonia.	NR
2	Brownrigg et al. [14] (2012)	DFI with CVD risk of mortality	LBBM	3619	DFI patients have a higher risk of all-cause mortality than other diabetics. CVD contributes to this risk.	NR
3	Matheus et al. [83] (2013)	Diabetes and CVD	LBBM	NR	Diabetes prevention is the most effective way to lower CVD risk. Traditional, changeable heart disease risk factors are still essential for diabetes people.	NR
4	Tuttolomondo et al. [16] (2015)	DFS as a Cardiovascular Marker	LBBM	NR	In addition to peripheral sensory neuropathy, deformity, and trauma, other risk factors, including calluses, edema, and peripheral vascular disease, have been identified as etiological contributors to the formation of diabetic foot ulcers.	NR
5	Domingueti et al. [13] (2015)	Diabetes and CVD	LBBM	NR	Vascular problems in type 1 and type 2 diabetes are closely linked to endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulability, inflammation, and the poor resolution of inflammation.	NR
6	Al-Rubeaan et al. [27] (2015)	DFI and CVD	LBBM	NR	Neuropathy and PVD are major risk factors for diabetic foot problems. Diabetic retinopathy is a major independent risk factor for diabetic foot issues. CVD risk factors are common among diabetics, and primary and secondary prevention strategies are essential to reduce morbidity and expense from this chronic condition.	NR
7	Bertoluci et al. [11] (2017)	Diabetes and CVD	LBBM	NR	CVD risk is increased 2- to 4-fold in people with type 2 diabetes, however, due to the disease’s extreme variability, the two conditions cannot be regarded as risk equivalents. To tailor care to each patient, risk assessment is essential.	NR
8	Dietrich et al. [15] (2017)	DFI as a Predictor of CVD and Mortality	LBBM	NR	DFS is linked to CVD and death. DFI’s connection with renal failure and retinopathy indicates the evolution of micro- and macrovasculopathy, neuropathy, chronic inflammation, and lipotoxicity.	NR
9	Mishra et al. [24] (2017)	DFI and CVD	LBBM	NR	Patients diagnosed with DFI have an increased risk of death from any cause compared to other diabetics. The risk is increased by cardiovascular disease.	NR
SN	Citations	Relationship	ME	PS	OUTCOME	TRE
10	Petrie et al. [84] (2018)	Diabetes and vascular complication	LBBM	NR	Diabetes and hypertension increase the possibility of CVD. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, which cause microvascular and macrovascular problems of diabetes, also cause vascular modification.	NR
11	Serhiyenko et al. [85] (2018)	Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes	LBBM	NR	CAN is a frequent, undiagnosed consequence of DM that increases CV morbidity and mortality. As cardiac denervation could be prevented and partially reversed in early disease stages, DM patients should be screened for it.	Yes
12	Shariful et al. [12] (2020)	Diabetes and CVD	LBBM	1262	Diabetes increased CVD risk at an early age. To reduce future CVD risks, diabetics must reduce cigarette usage and improve BP control.	NR
13	Balasubramanian et al. [20] (2021)	DFI and Microcirculation	LBBM	NR	Microcirculation plays a crucial function in tissue injury and inflammation homeostasis and resistance. Furthermore, the latest evidence supports the disruption of microcirculation as the weak link in the sequence of events that leads to DFI.	NR
14	Karhu et al. [86] (2022)	Diabetes and CVD	LBBM	2535	Intermittent hypoxia is worse in people with preexisting CVD, and diabetes and CVD accelerate IH deterioration. Intermittent hypoxia is a pathophysiological hallmark of sleep anemia that increases the risk for severe health consequences. Patients with diabetes or CVD should receive additional attention for sleep anemia screening and follow-up monitoring.	NR
15	Schuett et al. [87] (2022)	Diabetes and CVD	LBBM	NR	Diabetes and hypertension trigger CVD. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis promote microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications.	NR
16	Qiu et al. [57] (2022)	DFI and CVD	LBBM	423	The development of a diabetic foot ulcer was associated with a considerably greater death risk from all causes as well as from cardiovascular disease compared to that of a control group of those who had diabetes mellitus but did not have DFI.	NR

SN: serial number, RELATION Diabetic Foot and CVD, ME: method of evaluation, PS: patient size, OE: outcome, TRE: Treatment, NR: not reported, CVD: Cardiovascular disease, DFI: Diabetic Foot Ulcer, DFS: Diabetic Foot Syndrome, DM: Diabetic Mellitus, CAN: Cardio Autonomic Neuropathy, LB: Lab-base, OB-Office base, TB: Tuberculosis, PAD: Peripheral Arterial Disease.