Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies

Ref.	Year	Type of study	Intervention	Participants	Bacteremia	Cholangitis	Pancreatitis	Septicemia	Mortality
Brandes et al[23]	1981	RCT	Minocycline 300 mg orally	Total: 118	N/A	Intervention: 0/39	Intervention: 1/39	N/A	N/A
				Antibiotics: 39		Control: 1/79	Control: 2/79
				Control: 79
Sauter et al[22]	1990	RCT	Cefotaxime 2 g IV, 15 min before ERCP	Total: 100	Intervention: 1/50	Intervention: 1/50	Intervention: 0/50	Intervention: 0/50	Intervention: 0/50
				Antibiotics: 50	Control: 8/50	Control: 2/50	Control: 0/50	Control: 0/50	Control: 0/50
				Control: 50
Niederau et al[21]	1994	RCT	Cefotaxime 2 g IV. 15 min before ERCP	Total: 100	Intervention: 0/50	Intervention: 0/50	Intervention: 2/50	Intervention: 0/50	Intervention: 0/50
				Antibiotics: 50	Control: 4/50	Control: 4/50	Control: 3/50	Control: 8/50	Control: 0/50
				Control: 50
Byl et al[20]	1995	RCT	Piperacillin, 4 g IV, 3/d	Total: 68	Intervention: 0/30	Intervention: 2/34	N/A	Intervention: 0/30	Intervention: 0/34
				Antibiotics: 34	Control: 7/32	Control: 10/34		Control: 5/32	Control: 5/34
				Control: 34
Finkelstein et al[27]	1996	RCT	Cefonicid 1 g IV, 1 h before ERCP	Total: 179	Intervention: 3/88	Intervention: 7/88	N/A	Intervention: 0/88	Intervention: 0/88
				Antibiotics: 88	Control: 2/91	Control: 2/91		Control: 0/91	Control: 0/91
				Control: 91
Lorenz et al[24]	1996	RCT	Cefuroxime 1.5 g IV, 30 min before ERCP	Total: 99	Intervention: 3/49	N/A	N/A	Intervention: 3/49	Intervention: 0/49
				Antibiotics: 49	Control: 8/50			Control: 5/50	Control: 0/50
				Control: 50
van den Hazel et al[19]	1996	RCT	Piperacillin 4 g IV, 30 min before ERCP	Total: 551	N/A	Intervention: 12/170	N/A	Intervention: 2/170	Intervention: 3/170
				Antibiotics: 270		Control: 17/281		Control: 3/281	Control: 2/281
				Control: 281
Räty et al[18]	2001	RCT	2g of ceftazidime IV, 30 min before ERCP	Total: 315	N/A	Intervention: 0/155	Intervention: 4/155	N/A	Intervention: 1/155
				Antibiotics: 155		Control: 7/160	Control: 15/160		Control: 0/160
				Control: 160
Spicak et al[26]	2002	RCT	Amoxicillin – clavulanic acid 2.4 g IV	Total 165	Intervention: 18/73	Intervention: 4/77	Intervention: 6/77	N/A	Intervention: 2/77
				Antibiotics: 77	Control: 24/84	Control: 3/88	Control: 10/88		Control: 2/88
				Control: 88
Llach et al[25]	2006	RCT	Clindamycin 600 mg and gentamicin 80 mg IM, 1 h before ERCP	Total: 62	Intervention: 2/31	Intervention: 1/31	N/A	Intervention: 0/31	Intervention: 0/31
				Antibiotics: 31	Control: 2/30	Control: 1/31		Control: 0/30	Control: 0/30
				Control: 31

3/d: Three times a day; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; IM: Intramuscular; IV: Intravenous; N/A: Not available; RCT: Randomized controlled trial.