TABLE 1.
Summary of clinical and neuroimaging data.
| Total (n = 90) |
Non-CAA | Probable-CAAc (n = 43) | p | ||
|
|
|||||
| non-cSVDa (n = 30) |
cSVDb (n = 17) |
||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 73.5 (7.0) | 69.7 (7.4) | 77.7 (5.4) | 74.4 (5.9) | b > a*** c > a** |
| Female, n (%) | 45 (50) | 16 (53.3) | 8 (47.1) | 21 (48.8) | 0.898 |
| Education (years), median [IQR] | 16 [14–18] | 16 [14–18] | 16 [14–17] | 17 [16–19] | 0.064 |
| Vascular risk factors | |||||
| Hypertension, n (%)† | 55 (65.5) | 18 (72.0) | 11 (68.8) | 26 (60.5) | 0.599 |
| Diabetes, n (%)† | 11 (13.1) | 2 (8.0) | 5 (31.2) | 4 (9.3) | 0.071 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%)† | 4 (4.8) | 1 (4.0) | 1 (6.2) | 2 (4.7) | 1.000 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%)† | 68 (81.0) | 19 (76.0) | 13 (81.2) | 36 (83.7) | 0.761 |
| Cognitive scores (z-scores) | |||||
| MMSE, mean (SD) | −0.11 (1.43) | −0.18 (1.53) | 0.51 (1.29) | −0.30 (1.38) | 0.132 |
| Memory, mean (SD) | −0.38 (1.25) | −0.14 (1.29) | −0.04 (1.19) | −0.67 (1.2) | 0.092 |
| Processing speed, mean (SD) | −0.07 (0.53) | −0.04 (0.50) | −0.08 (0.54) | −0.09 (0.55) | 0.921 |
| Language, mean (SD) | −0.34 (1.02) | −0.21 (0.81) | −0.27 (1.35) | −0.46 (1.02) | 0.570 |
| Executive function, median [IQR] | −0.26 [−0.8, 0.1] | −0.23 [−0.6, 0.2] | −0.07 [−0.6, 0.1] | −0.37 [−1.0, 0.1] | 0.413 |
| Gap MRIxNPT, months, median [IQR] | 0 [−2.3, 0] | −1.05 [−3.4, 0] | −1.33 [−2.8, 0.2] | 0 [−1.6, 0] | 0.034‡ |
| Conventional MRI markers | |||||
| Lobar CMB count, median [IQR] | 0 [0, 13.5] | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 0] | 15 [3, 55] | c > a*** c > b*** |
| cSS (presence), n (%) | 14 (15.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 14 (32.6) | c > a*** c > b*** |
| Lacunes count, median [IQR] | 0 [0, 1] | 0 [0, 0] | 1 [0, 1.5] | 0 [0, 1] | b > a*** c > a*** |
| Cortical CMI, count, median [IQR] | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 0] | 0 [0, 1] | 0.049‡ |
| CSO PVS score, median [IQR] | 2 [2, 3] | 2 [1, 2] | 2 [2, 2] | 3 [2, 4] | c > a*** c > b** |
| BG PVS score, median [IQR] | 2 [1, 2] | 1 [1, 2] | 2 [2, 3] | 2 [1, 3] | b > a*** c > a*** |
| nWMHV (% ICV), median [IQR] | 0.2 [0.05, 0.8] | 0.05 [0.01, 0.1] | 0.66 [0.3, 1.2] | 0.36 [0.14, 1.8] | b > a*** c > a*** |
| nTBV (% ICV), mean (SD) | 64.75 (4.26) | 67.06 (4.46) | 64.77 (3.26) | 63.13 (3.76) | a > c*** |
| DTI global markers | |||||
| PSMD (×10–4 mm2/s), median [IQR] | 3.76 [3.32, 4.37] | 3.30 [3.13, 3.60] | 4.07 [3.51, 4.62] | 4.06 [3.58, 4.79] | b > a*** c > a*** |
| Average MD (×10–4 mm2/s), median [IQR] | 8.44[7.86, 9.2] | 7.98 [7.49, 8.61] | 8.06 [7.75, 8.30] | 9.19 [8.45, 9.83] | c > a*** c > b*** |
| Average FA, mean (SD) | 0.46 (0.04) | 0.49 (0.04) | 0.48 (0.03) | 0.44 (0.04) | a > c*** b > c*** |
| Total motion index, median [IQR] | −0.07 [−0.96, 1.26] | 0.24[−1.07, 1.3] | 0.21 [−0.66, 1.9] | −0.25 [−0.94, 0.6] | 0.426 |
| DTI regional assessment | |||||
| Frontal PSMD (×10–4 mm2/s), median [IQR] | 3.14 [2.77, 3.50] | 2.81 [2.52, 3.17] | 3.26 [3.00, 3.89] | 3.20 [3.03, 3.94] | b > a*** c > a*** |
| Occipital PSMD (×10–4 mm2/s), median [IQR] | 3.77 [3.23, 4.50] | 3.23 [2.82, 3.70] | 3.76 [3.53, 4.06] | 4.44 [3.68, 5.00] | b > a* c > a*** |
| Occipital-frontal PSMD gradient (×10–4 mm2/s), mean (SD) | 0.76 (1.08) | 0.43 (0.54) | 0.45 (1.19) | 1.11 (1.22) | c > a* c > b* |
| Frontal average MD (×10–4 mm2/s), median [IQR] | 8.17 [7.74, 9.00] | 7.84 [7.25, 8.38] | 7.90 [7.60, 8.14] | 8.98 [8.15, 9.55] | c > a*** c > b*** |
| Occipital average MD (×10–4 mm2/s), median [IQR] | 8.53 [8.14, 9.53] | 8.27 [7.80, 8.51] | 8.13 [7.78, 8.49] | 9.35 [8.67, 9.81] | c > a*** c > b*** |
| Occipital-frontal Average MD gradient (×10–4 mm2/s), mean (SD) | 0.39 (0.45) | 0.46 (0.27) | 0.23 (0.40) | 0.41 (0.55) | 0.250 |
| Frontal average FA, mean (SD) | 0.42 (0.04) | 0.45 (0.04) | 0.43 (0.03) | 0.40 (0.04) | a > c*** b > c*** |
| Occipital average FA, mean (SD) | 0.44 (0.05) | 0.47 (0.04) | 0.45 (0.03) | 0.41 (0.04) | a > c*** b > c*** |
| Occipital-frontal average FA gradient, median [IQR] | 0.02 [0.01, 0.03] | 0.03 [0.02, 0.03] | 0.03 [0.00, 0.04] | 0.02 [0.01, 0.03] | 0.130 |
Kruskal Wallis and ANOVA were used to investigate differences across the three groups, as appropriate.
†Six missing values.
We reported the original p-values and, when significant differences were found, we ran FDR-adjusted pairwise comparisons: *FDR-adjusted p < 0.05.
**FDR-adjusted p < 0.01.
***FDR-adjusted p < 0.001.
‡No statistical significance in pairwise comparisons, after FDR-correction.
SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; MMSE, mini mental state examination; CMB, cerebral microbleeds; cSS, cortical superficial siderosis; CMI, cerebral microinfarcts; CSO-PVS, perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale; BG-PVS, perivascular spaces in the basal ganglia; nWMHV, normalized white matter hyperintensity volume; nTBV, normalized total brain volume; CAA, cerebral amyloid angiopathy; cSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; PSMD, peak width of skeletonized mean diffusivity. Probable-CAA, patients fulfilling the modified Boston criteria for Probable CAA; cSVD, patients with neuroimaging markers of cSVD not attributable to CAA—presumed arteriolosclerosis; non-cSVD, patients without neuroimaging markers of cSVD.
aNon-cSVD group; bcSVD group; CProbable CAA group.