Table 4.
Degree of deacetylation percentages (DD %) of chitosan extracted from shrimp waste by chemical methods.
| Shell Origin | DD (%) | Extraction Condition Minutes | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Shrimp shell waste | 39.10 | 2% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 40% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [18] |
| Shrimp shell waste | 40.00 | 2% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 60% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [18] |
| Shrimp shell waste | 41.00 | 3% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 40% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [18] |
| Shrimp shell waste | 42.00 | 3% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 60% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [18] |
| Shrimp shell waste | 61.00 | 4% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 40% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [18] |
| Shrimp shell waste | 70.00 | 4% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 60% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [18] |
| Shrimp shell waste | 58.00 | 5% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 40% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [18] |
| Shrimp shell waste | 67.00 | 5% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 60% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [18] |
| Penaeus monodon | 45.50 | (2%, 3%, 4% ) HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 30% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [49] |
| Penaeus monodon | 61.24 | (2%, 3%, 4% ) HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 40% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [49] |
| Penaeus monodon | 79.57 | (2%, 3%, 4% ) HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 50% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [49] |
| Penaeus monodon | 81.24 | (2%, 3%, 4% ) HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 60% NaOH for DA, at DT 65 °C | [49] |
| Shrimp shell waste | 76.26 | 6% HCl for DM, 3.5% NaOH for DP, and 50% NaOH for DA, at DT 70 °C | [50] |
| Shrimp shell waste | 81.37 | 6% HCl for DM, 3.5% NaOH for DP, and 50% NaOH for DA, at DT 80 °C | [50] |
| Shrimp shell waste | 81.25 | 6% HCl for DM, 3.5% NaOH for DP, and 50% NaOH for DA, at DT 90 °C | [50] |
| Shrimp shell waste | 84.87 | 6% HCl for DM, 3.5% NaOH for DP, and 50% NaOH for DA, at DT 100 °C | [50] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | 81.00 | DM with 2% HCl for shrimp shells with 16 mesh size, then DP under 4% NaOH, and 45% NaOH for DA, at 600 watts in the microwave for 15 min | [53] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | 72.00 | DM with 2% HCl for shrimp shells with 32 mesh size, then DP under 4% NaOH, and 45% NaOH for DA, at 600 watts in the microwave for 15 min | [53] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | 78.00 | DM with 2% HCl for shrimp shells with 60 mesh size, then DP under 4% NaOH, and 45% NaOH for DA, at 600 watts in the microwave for 15 min | [53] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | 81.00 | DM with 2% HCl for shrimp shells with 16 mesh size, then DP with 4% NaOH, and 45% NaOH for DA at 600 watts in the microwave for six pulses of 5 min | [53] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | 92.00 | DM with 2% HCl for shrimp shells with 32 mesh size, then DP with 4% NaOH, and 45% NaOH for DA at 600 watts in the microwave for six pulses of 5 min | [53] |
| Litopenaeus vannamei | 89.00 | DM with 2% HCl for shrimp shells with 60 mesh size, then DP with 4% NaOH, and 45% NaOH for DA at 600 watts in the microwave for six pulses of 5 min | [53] |
| Pink shrimp shells | 97.00 | 3% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, heating at 2-atmospheric pressure in the autoclave for 1 h and then steeping in 40% NaOH for DA for 4 days | [77] |
| Brown shrimp shells | 92.00 | 3% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, heating at 2-atmospheric pressure in the autoclave for 1 h and then steeping in 40% NaOH for DA for 4 days | [77] |
| Pink shrimp shells | 94.00 | 3% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 40% NaOH for DA, and then autoclaved at 2-atmospheric pressure for 3 h | [77] |
| Brown shrimp shells | 90.00 | 3% HCl for DM, 4% NaOH for DP, and 40% NaOH for DA, and then autoclaved at 2-atmospheric pressure for 3 h | [77] |
Where DM, DP, DA, and DT are demineralization, deproteinization, deacetylation, and deacetylation temperature, respectively.