Figure 2.

(a) IND-2 alters the mitochondrial membrane potential (MOMP) of prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Tetramethyl rhodamine ester (TMRE), is a red dye that is used to stain active mitochondria. PC-3 cells were incubated with vehicle (negative control), IND-2 (5 μM) and the positive control, FCCP (50 μM). IND-2 (5 μM) significantly decreased the MOMP (ΔΨm), compared to the negative control (*** p < 0.01). Values represent the mean fluorescence intensities recorded for two independent experiments. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way ANOVA, with Bonferroni’s multiple comparison post-test. (b) The effect of IND-2 on MOMP (ΔΨm) was further assessed using the dye, JC-1. Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine(CCCP) (50 μM) was used as the positive control. Cells were incubated with TMRE dye as shown to validate the results obtained with JC-1. IND-2 (5 μM) decreased the MOMP (ΔΨm), as indicated by a loss of the fluorescence signal from TMRE and a loss of red fluorescence from JC-1.