Table 1.
Bacterial strains with potential “psychobiotic” usage in functional digestive disorders.
| Bacterial Strain | Gastrointestinal Effects | Psychiatric Effects | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lactobacillus casei | Anti-inflammatory effect, pain relief (children and adults) |
Anxiety and depression symptom improvement, cognitive improvement | [129,130] |
|
Lactobacillus
acidophilus |
Motility symptoms improvement, pain reduction, distension relief (children and adults) |
Potential role in modulation of cannabinoid receptors |
[131,132] |
| Lactobacillus brevis | Anti-inflammatory effect, motility symptoms improvement, intestinal barrier function improvement (children and adults) |
Sleep, mood and affective symptoms imrpivement (important role in 1 GABA regulation) |
[133,134] |
| Lactobacillus rhamnosus | Pain relief, anti-inflammatory effect (especially in children) (children and adults) |
Cognitive improvement, mood and affective symptoms improvements (Dopamine, Glutamate, 2 5-Ht regulation) |
[135,136] |
| Lactobacillus helveticus | Decrease in visceral hypersensitivity, pain relief, anti-inflammatory effect | Mood and behavior improvement (3 BDNF and 1 GABA regulation) |
[137,138] |
| Lactococcus lactis | Under study—possible anti-inflammatory effect | Depression and anxiety score improvement (1 GABA regulation) |
[139,140] |
| Saccharomyces boulardi | Inhibitory effect on inflammatory intestinal activity, reduces oxidative stress | Cognitive improvement | [141,142] |
| Bifidobacterium longum, lactis | Bloating relief, motility improvement, visceral pain relief, lactate production support via glycolysis from dietary fibers (+Firmicutes strain) |
Reduces depression scores, improves cognitive and behavior symptoms (2 5-HT, 3 BDNF regulation) |
[143,144,145] |
| Bacillus subtilis | Promotes bacterial diversity, improves intestinal barrier function, inflammation resolution, improves oxidative stress | Mood, cognitive and behavior improvement (2 5-HT regulation) |
[146,147] |
| Akkermansia muciniphila | Inflammation resolution, intestinal barrier and enteral immune system improvement, digestive symptoms improvement | Important cognitive modulation, mood and behavior improvement | [148,149] |
1 Gamma-aminobutyric acid. 2 5-hydroxytryptamine. 3 Brain-derived neurotrophic factor.