Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and body composition parameters of participants grouped by OSA severity.
| Categorical Variables | N-M Group (N = 951) |
M Group (N = 969) |
S Group (N = 1583) |
Post Hoc |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) a | 43.19 ± 13.85 | 49.48 ± 13.26 | 49.85 ± 13.04 | N-M < M ** & S ** |
| Sex (male to female ratio) b | 0.57 (348/603) | 2.32 (677/292) | 4.57 (1299/284) | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| BMI (kg/m2) c | 23.01 ± 3.33 | 26.55 ± 4.02 | 29.44 ± 4.83 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Neck size (cm) a | 33.96 ± 3.12 | 37.36 ± 3.34 | 39.85 ± 3.48 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Waist size (cm) c | 80.56 ± 9.49 | 91.35 ± 9.91 | 99.21 ± 11.03 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Body composition data | ||||
| Whole body | ||||
| Fat mass (kg) c | 16.58 ± 6.87 | 21.14 ± 8.72 | 25.87 ± 10.94 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Muscle mass (kg) c | 42.26 ± 8.69 | 50.13 ± 9.54 | 54.68 ± 9.17 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Visceral fat level c | 6.77 ± 3.35 | 11.83 ± 3.76 | 14.89 ± 3.96 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Bone mass (kg) c | 2.47 ± 0.44 | 2.84 ± 0.44 | 3.05 ± 0.42 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Fat-free mass (kg) c | 44.73 ± 9.1 | 52.97 ± 9.96 | 57.74 ± 9.57 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Fat percentage (%) a | 26.82 ± 8.63 | 28.13 ± 8.79 | 30.22 ± 8.79 | N-M < S **; M < S ** |
| Muscle percentage (%) a | 69.15 ± 8.32 | 68.02 ± 8.48 | 66.08 ± 8.45 | N-M > S **; M > S ** |
| Basal metabolic rate (kJ) c | 5415.96 ± 1009.17 | 6320.99 ± 1138.15 | 6919.51 ± 1144.22 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Physique rating c | 36.07 ± 9.89 | 29.5 ± 9.36 | 25.44 ± 8.7 | N-M > M ** & S **; M > S ** |
| Limbs | ||||
| Fat mass (kg) c | 7.46 ± 2.91 | 8.95 ± 3.81 | 10.97 ± 5.13 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Fat-free mass (kg) c | 20.75 ± 4.96 | 25.1 ± 5.83 | 28.11 ± 5.92 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Muscle mass (kg) c | 19.54 ± 4.67 | 23.65 ± 5.52 | 26.5 ± 5.63 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Fat percentage (%) c | 26.58 ± 8.49 | 26.13 ± 8.52 | 27.42 ± 8.16 | N-M * & M ** < S |
| Trunk | ||||
| Fat mass (kg) c | 9.12 ± 4.07 | 12.19 ± 5.01 | 14.9 ± 6.04 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Fat-free mass (kg) c | 23.98 ± 4.44 | 27.87 ± 4.5 | 29.62 ± 4.42 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Muscle mass (kg) c | 22.72 ± 4.29 | 26.48 ± 4.38 | 28.18 ± 4.28 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Fat percentage (%) a | 27.01 ± 9.09 | 29.85 ± 9.27 | 32.72 ± 9.63 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Trunk to whole-body fat ratio (%) c | 54.24 ± 5.11 | 57.61 ± 3.36 | 57.85 ± 3.21 | N-M < M ** & S ** |
| Body water | ||||
| TBW (kg) a | 31.33 ± 6.09 | 36.84 ± 6.39 | 40.18 ± 6.37 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| ECW (kg) c | 12.89 ± 2.06 | 15.22 ± 1.93 | 16.5 ± 1.89 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| ICW (kg) c | 18.44 ± 4.19 | 21.62 ± 4.61 | 23.68 ± 4.63 | N-M < M ** & S **; M < S ** |
| Body water percentage (%) c | 51.25 ± 5.41 | 50.03 ± 5.35 | 48.59 ± 5.76 | N-M > M ** & S **; M > S ** |
| ECW to ICW ratio (%) c | 71.14 ± 7.88 | 71.98 ± 8.66 | 71.03 ± 8.14 | M > S * |
Abbreviations: N-M group, normal-to-mild OSA group; M group, moderate OSA group; S group, severe OSA group; BMI, body mass index; TBW, total body water; ECW, extracellular water; and ICW, intracellular water. Data are expressed in terms of mean ± standard deviation values. Significant difference was derived from a Kruskal–Wallis test, b chi-square test, and c Welch’s analysis of variance test. * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01.