Table 5.
Logistic regression analysis for identification of contributing factors for SM during COVID-19.
| Practice SM | Univariable Logistic Regression | Multivariable Logistic Regression | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Yes | C.O.R | C.I | p-Values | A.O.R | C.I | p-Values | ||
| Variables | Categories | n (%) | n (%) | ||||||
| 1. Age | 18–28 | 227 (67.0) | 112 (33.0) | Ref | 0.047 * | Ref | 0.778–2.687 | 0.108 | |
| 29–38 | 33 (54.1) | 28 (45.9) | 1.72 | 0.990–2.987 | 0.054 | 1.446 | 0.146–1.051 | 0.244 | |
| 39–48 | 26 (81.3) | 6 (18.8) | 0.468 | 0.187–1.169 | 0.104 | 0.391 | 0.597–3.461 | 0.063 | |
| 49–58 | 16 (57.1) | 12 (42.9) | 1.52 | 0.695–3.322 | 0.294 | 1.438 | 0.418 | ||
| 2. Healthcare professional | Yes | 131 (60.9) | 84 (39.1) | 1.482 | 1.007–2.181 | 0.046 * | 1.163 | 0.740–1.828 | 0.513 |
| No | 171 (69.8) | 74 (30.2) | Ref | Ref | |||||
| 3. Tested for COVID-19 | Yes (the result was positive) | 10 (29.4) | 24 (70.6) | 7.688 | 3.477–16.99 | <0.001 * | 5.258 | 2.261–12.229 | <0.001 * |
| Yes (the result was negative) | 103 (57.9) | 75 (42.1) | 2.333 | 1.537–3.540 | <0.001 | 1.884 | 1.189–2.987 | <0.001 * | |
| No | 189 (76.2) | 59 (23.8) | Ref | <0.001 | Ref | 0.007 | |||
| 4. Were you aware of the possible side effects of the SM drugs? | Yes | 181 (59.7) | 122 (40.3) | 2.266 | 1.463–3.508 * | <0.001 * | 1.833 | 1.177–3.175 | 0.009 * |
| No | 121 (77.1) | 36 (22.9) | Ref | Ref | |||||
| 5. Does pharmacist demand for a prescription when you visit to buy medicines? | Yes | 160 (61.8) | 99 (38.2) | 1.489 | 1.005–2.208 * | 0.047 * | 1.033 | 0.657–1.622 | 0.889 |
| No | 142 (70.6) | 59 (29.4) | Ref | Ref | |||||
| 6. Did you receive information regarding the possible side effects of the SM drugs? | No | 67 (64.4) | 37 (35.6) | Ref | 0.005 * | Ref | 0.125 | ||
| Yes, from a physician | 29 (48.3) | 31 (51.7) | 1.963 | 1.014–3.694 | 0.045 * | 1.46 | 0.710–3.003 | 0.304 | |
| Yes, from a family member | 64 (64.0) | 36 (36.0) | 1.019 | 0.575–1.806 | 0.95 | 1.241 | 0.649–2.370 | 0.514 | |
| Yes, from a colleague | 15 (65.2) | 8 (34.8) | 1.068 | 0.556–2.056 | 0.844 | 1.235 | 0.583–2.641 | 0.581 | |
| Yes, from the Internet | 39 (62.9) | 23 (37.1) | 0.966 | 0.374–2.491 | 0.943 | 1.1 | 0.383–3.159 | 0.859 | |
| Yes, from other sources | 88 (79.3) | 23 (20.7) | 0.473 | 0.257–0.871 | 0.016 * | 0.541 | 0.279–1.050 | 0.069 | |
| Reasons | |||||||||
| 7. Already existing habits | Yes | 26 (65.0) | 14 (35.0) | 1.032 | 0.523–2.038 | 0.928 | - | - | - |
| No | 276 (65.7) | 144 (34.3) | Ref | - | - | - | |||
| 8. Unavailability of the physician | Yes | 39 (51.3) | 37 (48.7) | 2.062 | 1.252–3.395 | 0.004 * | 1.492 | 0.832–2.679 | 0.18 |
| No | 263 (68.5) | 121(31.5) | Ref | Ref | |||||
| 9. Financial issues | Yes | 27 (69.2) | 12 (30.8) | 0.837 | 0.412–1.701 | 0.623 | - | - | - |
| No | 275 (65.3) | 146 (34.7) | Ref | - | - | - | |||
| 10. Difficulty in travelling/reaching healthcare professionals | Yes | 35 (53.0) | 31 (47.0) | 1.862 | 1.099–3.156 | 0.021 * | 1.086 | 0.793 | |
| No | 267 (67.8) | 121 (32.2) | Ref | Ref | 0.585–2.017 | ||||
| 11. Lack of effectiveness of medicines prescribed by physician | Yes | 38 (65.5) | 20 (34.5) | 1.007 | 0.584–1.797 | 0.982 | - | - | - |
| No | 264 (65.7) | 138 (34.3) | Ref | - | - | - | |||
| 12. Fear of contracting the virus | Yes | 25 (61.0) | 16 (39.0) | 1.248 | 0.646–2.414 | 0.509 | - | - | - |
| No | 277 (66.1) | 142 (33.9) | Ref | - | - | - | |||
| 13. Bad experience with physician | Yes | 28 (63.6) | 16 (36.4) | 1.103 | 0.577–2.105 | 0.767 | - | - | - |
| No | 274 (65.9) | 142 (34.1) | Ref | - | - | - | |||
| 14. Other | Yes | 143 (77.7) | 41 (22.3) | 0.39 | 0.256–0.594 | <0.001 * | 0.639 | 0.380–1.074 | 0.091 |
| No | 159 (57.6) | 117 (42.4) | Ref | Ref | |||||
C.O.R: Crude odds ratio (unadjusted OR), A.O.R: Adjusted OR, *: significant at ≤0.05, which are presented in boldface; multivariable logistic regression: adujstments were made for variables listed in the table for variables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 and 14.