Table 4.

STUDY CONDUCT: Method of engagement and study activities by stakeholder type

Stakeholder	Method of engagement	Study activity	Specific examples
Patients with asthma
	Patient/stakeholder advisory board (HIITBAC) Multidisciplinary advisory board Patient-only advisory board	Recruitment and retention Recruitment and retention Recruitment and retention	Recommended strategies to engender trust: use of car magnets, identification/type of clothing of research team Interacted with potential participants at food distribution sites, African American churches, and through interviews with local TV and radio stations Recruitment materials revised to better target African American communities’ motivation for participating in clinical trials Suggested increased frequency of reminders, more compensation options Proposed driving to participant’s home if not reachable by phone [19] Conducted monthly meetings for coaches to improve skills and expand knowledge base (SAMBA) Redesigned recruitment strategies, such as by tailoring recruitment scripts, recommending that tote bags be provided (SAMBA)
Caregivers of children with asthma
	Caregivers as asthma coaches	Delivery of intervention	Asthma coaches designed intervention as well as delivered patient education as part of intervention (ASIST)
Clinicians
	Multi-disciplinary workgroups Community providers as investigators One-on-one interviews	Adjustment of intervention Delivery of intervention Recruitment	On site observations resulted in shifting of study activities (recruitment, enrollment, randomization, intervention) to the treatment and observation period during patient’s ED stay, rather than at discharge (CHICAGO) Recruited patients and administered intervention to their own patients (ASIST) Study manuals, and education and recruitment materials modified to improve recruitment (ASIST)
Community members
	Community health workers as part of “CHW coordinating center”	Direct delivery of intervention	Suggested that community health worker term be changed to “community asthma educator”
Health care organizations
	Institute for Family Health, an FQHC	Recruitment, intervention	Contributed to chronic care model-based health coaching, EHR modifications for asthma clinical decision support, and as recruitment sites

Community health worker (CHW); emergency department (ED), Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC), electronic health record (EHR)