Table 5.

New therapeutic drug candidates in clinical trials for AD.

Drug	Target	Mechanism of Action	Route of Administration	Sponsor	FDA Status	Clinical Trial Identifier	Ref.
ACI-35	Tau	A liposome-based vaccine to elicit an immune response targeted to pathological conformers of phosphorylated tau.	Intramuscular	AC Immune SA (Lausanne, Switzerland), Janssen (Belcey, Belgium)	Phase II	NCT04445831	[124]
Donanemab	Amyloid	An antibody designed to bind to a pyroglutamate form of Aβ that is aggregated in amyloid plaques.	Intravenous	Eli Lilly & Co. (Indianapolis, IN, USA)	Phase III	NCT04437511	[125]
Gantenerumab	Amyloid	An antibody designed to bind to Aβ fibrils.	Subcutaneous	Roche (Basel, Switzerland)	Phase III	NCT04374253	[126]
Lecanemab	Amyloid	An antibody designed to bind to Aβ protofibrils.	Intravenous	Biogen, Eisai Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan)	Phase III	NCT03887455	[127]
LY3372689	Tau	Inhibitor of the O-GlcNAcase enzyme.	Oral	Eli Lilly & Co. (Indianapolis, IN, USA)	Phase II	NCT05063539	[128]
Pepinemab	Inflammation	Antibody to semaphorin 4D, a multifunctional membrane glycoprotein expressed by oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the CNS.	Intravenous	Vaccinex, Inc. (New York, NY, USA)	Phase I/ II	NCT04381468	[129]
Simufilam	Amyloid	Molecule designed to bind to filamin, a protein that stabilizes Aβ-42 and the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (reported to trigger tau phosphorylation).	Oral	Cassava Sciences (Austin, TX, USA)	Phase II	NCT04079803	[130]
Solanezumab	Amyloid	An antibody directed against the mid-domain of the Aβ peptide.	Intravenous	Eli Lilly & Co. (Indianapolis, IN, USA)	Phase III	NCT00905372	[131]
UB-311	Amyloid	Synthetic peptide vaccine generated N-terminal anti-Aβ antibodies, which neutralized Aβ toxicity and promoted plaque clearance.	Intramuscular	United Neuroscience (Dublin, Ireland)	Phase III	NCT02551809	[132]